Pablo Artal – Handbook of Visual Optics (2 Volume set, 2017)

6.750 

Автор: Pablo Artal
Название книги: Handbook of Visual Optics (2 Volume set, 2017)
Формат: PDF
Тема: Офтальмология, Оптика
Страницы: 850
Качество: Изначально компьютерное, E-book

Handbook of Visual Optics offers an authoritative overview of encyclopedic knowledge in the field of physiological optics. It builds from fundamental concepts to the science and technology of instruments and practical procedures of vision correction, integrating expert knowledge from physics, medicine, biology, psychology, and engineering. The chapters comprehensively cover all aspects of modern study and practice, from optical principles and optics of the eye and retina to novel ophthalmic tools for imaging and visual testing, devices and techniques for visual correction, and the relationship between ocular optics and visual perception.

Описание

For many years, first as a student and later as a senior researcher
in the area of physiological optics, I have wanted a comprehensive
resource for frequently arising questions. Although the situation
in today’s Internet era is different than before, still I believe there
is need for a reliable single source of encyclopedic knowledge.
Finally, the dream of my youth—a handbook in visual optics—is
a reality and in your hands (or on your screen). I hope this will
help interested readers for a long time to come.
At the beginning of this adventure of compiling the handbook,
I wanted to accomplish a number of goals (probably,
too many!). Among others, I wanted to provide general useful
information for beginners, or for those approaching the field from
other disciplines, and the latest research presented from the most
recent experiments in laboratories. As with most activities in life,
success depends on the quality of individuals involved. In this
regard, I was tremendously fortunate to have such an exceptional
group of contributors. If we can apply the optical equivalence,
this handbook is the result of a coherent superposition of exceptional
expertise.
This handbook builds from the fundamentals to the current
state of the art of the field of visual optics. The eye as an optical
instrument plays a limiting role in the quality of our vision.
A better understanding of the optics of the eye is required both
for ophthalmic instrumentation and vision correction. The handbook
covers the physics and engineering of instruments together
with procedures to correct the ocular optics and its impact on
visual perception. The field of physiological, or visual, optics
is a classic area in science, an arena where many new practical
technologies have been tested and perfected. Many of the most
brilliant scientists in history were interested in the eye. Based in
well-established physical and physiological principles, the area
was described as nearly completed in the second part of the twentieth
century. However, from the 1980s onward, a tremendous
new interest in this field appeared. This was driven in part by new
technology, such as lasers and electronic cameras, which allowed
the introduction of new instrumentation. For example, the use
of wave-front sensors and adaptive optics concepts on the eye
completely changed the field. In relatively few years, these ideas
expanded to the clinical areas of ophthalmology and optometry.
Today, research in new aspects of vision correction and
instruments is extremely active, with many groups working on
it around the world. This area is a mixture of fundamentals and
applications, and is at the crossroad of many disciplines: physics,
medicine, biology, psychology, and engineering. I tried to find an
equilibrium among the different approaches and sensibilities to
serve all tastes. This book can be accessed sequentially, but also by
individual parts whenever a particular topic is required.
The handbook is organized in two volumes, with five total
parts. Volume One begins with an introductory part that gives
an exceptional appetizer by two giants of the field: Gerald
Westheimer presents an historical account of the field, and David
Williams explores the near past and the future. Part II covers
background and fundamental information on optical principles,
ocular anatomy and physiology, and the eye and ophthalmic
instruments. Each chapter is self-contained but oriented to provide
the proper background for the rest of the handbook. Basic
optics is covered by Schwiegerling (geometrical optics), Malacara
(wave optics), and Sasián (aberrations). The concepts of photometry
and colorimetry are summarized in Chapter 6 (Ohno). The
basics and limits of the generation of visual stimuli are described
in Chapter 7 (Farrell et al.). Furlan provides a complete revision
on the main ophthalmic instruments, and Dainty an introduction
on adaptive optics. While the first chapters of this part are
devoted to the more technical aspects, the three next chapters
have a different orientation to provide the physiological basis
for the eye and the visual system. Choh and Sivak describe the
anatomy and embryology of the eye in Chapter 10. Freed reviews
the retina, and Winawer the architecture of the visual system. In
the final chapter in this part, Pelli and Solomon describe psychophysical
methods. Part II sets the foundation for the various
principles that follow in the rest of the handbook.
Part III covers the current state of the art on the understanding
of the optics of the eye and the retina. Collins et al. and
Manns describe, respectively, what we know today about the
optical properties of the cornea and the lens. Atchison reviews in
Chapters 16 and 17 the different schematics eyes and the definitions
and implications of the axes and angles in ocular optics.
The optics of the retina is detailed in Chapter 18 (Vohnsen).
Once the different components are evaluated, the next chapters
concentrate on the impact of optical quality. Refractive errors
(Wilson) and monochromatic (Marcos et al.) aberrations are
described. Although traditionally most attention has been paid
to optical characteristics of the eye in the fovea, the important
role of peripheral optics is described in Chapter 21 (Lundström
and Rosén). Tabernero describes personalized eye models in
Chapter 22. Beyond refractive errors and aberrations, scattering
in the eye affects image quality. van den Berg exhaustively
reviews the state of the art of the impact and measurements of
this phenomenon (Chapter 23). The eye in young subjects has the
ability to focus objects placed at different distances efficiently.
Bharadwaj provides a review of the accommodative mechanism
(Chapter 24), and Winn and Gray describe its dynamics (Chapter
25). The eyes are continually moving to place the fovea on the
area of interest. This dynamic behavior has important implications
described in Chapter 26 (Anderson). Although the human
eye is very robust, serving us over many years, aging obviously
affects its optics. In Chapter 27, Charman reviews how the eye
changes with age. Several species are able to detect the state of
polarization of light. Although our visual system is not capable of
something similar, polarization plays a role in optical properties
as described in Chapter 28 (Bueno).
Volume Two focuses on the important topics of instrumentation
and vision correction. Part I is dedicated to novel ophthalmic
instrumentation for imaging, including the anterior segment and
the retina, and for visual testing. An introductory chapter is dedicated
to reviewing the concepts of light safety (Barat). Molebny
presents a complete description of different wavefront sensors and
aberrometers in Chapter 2. Hitzenberger reviews the principle
of low-coherence interferometry (Chapter 3). This was the basis
for one of the most successful techniques in ophthalmology:
optical coherence tomography (OCT). Grulkowski concentrates
on the current state of the art in OCT applied to the anterior
segment (Chapter 4). Popovic (Chapter 5) and Doble (Chapter 6)
present how adaptive optics implemented in ophthalmoscopes
has changed the field in recent years. A different application of
adaptive optics is its use for visual testing. Fernandez (Chapter 7)
shows the history, present, and future potential of this technology.
Imaging of the ocular media using multiphoton microscopy
is a recent scientific frontier. Jester (Chapter 8) and Hunter
(Chapter 9) cover, respectively, the applications of this emerging
technology for the cornea and the retina.
Part II describes the different devices and techniques for surgical
and nonsurgical visual correction procedures, from traditional to
futuristic approaches. Ophthalmic lenses are still the most widely
used approach and clearly deserve to be well recognized. Malacara
(Chapter 10) presents a complete overview of this topic. Contact
lenses are described in depth in Chapter 11 (Cox). The specific
case of correcting highly aberrated eyes is addressed in Chapter 12
(Marsack and Applegate). A particularly relevant type of correcting
devices is intraocular lenses (IOLs), implanted to substitute
the crystalline lens after cataract surgery. Two emerging types of
IOLs, accommodating and adjustable, are reported in Chapters 13
(Findl and Himschall) and 14 (Sandstedt). Chapter 15 (Alio and
El Bahrawy) presents a review of refractive surgical approaches for
the cornea. The potential for nonlinear manipulation of the ocular
tissues may open the door to new reversible future treatments.
Chapter 17 (van de Pol) presents the state of the art of using corneal
onlays and inlays for vision correction.
Part III reviews the relationship between the ocular optics
and visual perception. Aspects related to optical visual metrics
(Chapter 18, Guirao) and the prediction of visual acuity
(Chapter 19, Navarro) are included. Adaptation is a key element
in vision and may have significant clinical implications.
Chapters 20 (Webster and Marcos) and 21 (Shaeffel) describe
adaptation to blur and contrast. Visual functions change with
age. A description of these characteristics is a useful resource
for those interested in any practical application. Chapter 22
(Wood) reviews age-related aspects of vision. Finally,
Chapter 23 (Jimenez) explores the impact of the eye’s optics in
stereovision.
I thank the many people who contributed to this handbook:
of course, all the authors for providing accurate and up-to-date
chapters; Carmen Martinez for helping me with secretarial work,
and Luna Han from Taylor & Francis Group for her guidance
and patience. I am also indebted to the financial help received by
my lab, which allowed dedication to this endeavor: the European
Research Council, the Spanish Ministry of Science, and the
Fundacion Seneca, Murcia region, Spain.

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