Alfred W. Cramer – Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century

Автор: Alfred W. Cramer
Название книги: Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century
Формат: PDF
Жанр: Музыка
Качество: Изначально компьютерное, E-book

Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century offers
in-depth biographical and critical essays on those
men and women who made an enduring impact on
music from 1901 to 2000. Covering more than 600
musical artists in detailed essays ranging from
three to five pages in length, this A-Z reference will
provide an entry point for students seeking the basics
on musicians in all genres, worldwide.
Scope of Coverage
Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century features
608 essays on 614 individuals from around the
world who have gained significance as composers,
performers, instrumentalists, vocalists, and teachers.
They have made contributions to a variety of
musical genres, from classical to jazz, opera to musical
theater, blues to soul, folk to rock, traditional
regional forms to contemporary country. New Age,
rap, reggae, and world music, relative newcomers
on the scene, are covered as well.
The 101 women and 513 men covered in these
five volumes are musically classified into one or
more of the following categories or genres: accordion
players (1), arrangers (16), avant-garde musicians
(10), bandleaders (15), banjoists (7), bebop
musicians (16), bluegrass musicians (7), blues musicians
(40), boogie-woogie musicians (7), cabaret
singers (3), calypso singers (1), cellists (8), Celtic
singers (1), choral directors (4), Christian music
performers (6), clarinetists (4), classical composers
(111), other classical musicians (57), conductors
(36), cornetists (3), country and country-western
musicians (52), disco musicians (4), drummers
and other percussionists (12), dulcimer players (1),
electronic and electroacoustic musicians (13), experimental
musicians (8), film composers (45), flutists
(4), folk-rock musicians (8), folksingers (35),
funk musicians (16), glam-rock musicians (5), gospel
musicians (9), grunge-rock musicians (2), guitarists
(245), hard-bop musicians (8), harmonica
players (6), harpsichordists (3), hip-hop musicians
(19), instrument makers (3), jazz composers (59),
other jazz musicians (57), keyboardists (13), Latin
jazz musicians (13), Latin popular musicians (5),
librettists (6), lute players (3), lyricists (36), mandolinists
(1), mariachi musicians (2), minimalist composers
(4), multimedia artists (1), music educators
(8), musical-theater composers (42), musical-theater
singers (12), musicologists (7), New Age musicians
(8), new wave musicians (3), opera composers (57),
opera singers (17), organists (2), performance artists
(2), pianists (86), pop-rock musicians (13), popular
composers (14), popular singers (59), punkrock
musicians (7), ragtime musicians (7), rappers
(25), record producers (8), reggae musicians (3),
rhythm-and-blues musicians (44), rock musicians
(93), rockabilly musicians (9), salsa musicians (6),
sarod musicians (1), saxophonists (21), serial and
atonal composers (10), singer-songwriters (230),
sitar players (1), ska musicians (2), songwriters (28),
soul singers (22), swing musicians (18), synthesizer
musicians (5), television composers (3), trombonists
(3), trumpeters (8), vibraphonists (2), viol players
(3), violinists (19), and musicians identified with
the relatively new genre of world music (19).
The persons covered in these volumes are
equally diverse geographically, identified with one
or more of the following countries or regions: Africa
(5), Argentina (4), Australia (3), Austria (11),
Bangladesh (1), Belgium (2), Brazil (5), Canada (9),
China (2), Cuba (4), Czech Republic (4), Denmark
(2), Egypt (1), England (49), Estonia (1), Finland (2),
France (20), Germany (19), Greece (3), Hungary (7),
Iceland (1), India (2), Ireland (2), Israel (3), Italy (12),
Jamaica (4), Japan (3), Korea (1), Lithuania (1), Mexico
(5), Middle East (4), Netherlands (2), Nigeria (1),
Northern Ireland (2), Norway (1), Pakistan (1), Panama
(1), Poland (5), Puerto Rico (2), Romania (2),
Russia (15), Scotland (2), South Africa (3), Spain (4),
Sweden (1), Switzerland (2), Ukraine (2), United
Kingdom (53), United States (428), and/or the West
Indies and Caribbean (9).

Editor’s Introduction
Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century examines
the work of more than six hundred artists
representing classical art, jazz, rock, folk, blues,
soul, gospel, country, Latin, New Age, reggae, and
world music as well as music for film and musical
theater. If someone at the start of the twentieth century
had envisioned a future encyclopedia of twentieth
century musicians, it would not have had this
scope. Although anyone could have anticipated
that music would evolve, no one could have anticipated
the surprising ways in which the basic concept
of music changed during the century.
Consider the fundamental changes in the way
music was experienced. In 1900 virtually all music
was live music. When people wanted to hear music,
they played or sang it themselves, or they went to a
public event—a graduation, a parade, a religious
service, or, of course, a concert. The technology of
sound recording was barely two decades old, and
the idea that recordings might play music was more
recent than that. By the late 1920’s, it had become
common to experience music through recordings.
The first radio broadcasts began in about 1919. Recorded
sound was routinely synchronized to films
by the late 1920’s. Beginning in the 1950’s, tape recording
made possible new ways to edit and manipulate
sound. By the 1990’s, widely available
computers had given millions of people the ability
to make sophisticated recordings or to create music
without singing or playing an instrument.
In 1900 most people thought of music as notated.
At that time, classical music, written down by composers,
had more prestige; popular songs, published
as sheet music, made more money. Nevertheless,
there was plenty of unnotated music,
mostly considered folk music. To those concerned
with high art, folk music was valuable primarily as
the raw material on which a nation’s refined culture
could be built. It was largely through attention to
their common folk culture that the separate kingdoms
of Germany had come together as a nation
during the nineteenth century; and, with Germany’s
example in mind, composers such as
Bedòich Smetana and Antonín Dvoòák in Bohemia
and Jean Sibelius in Finland had developed national
styles of art music rooted in folk idioms.
From 1892 to 1895, Dvoòák lived in America, where
he turned American attention toward Native American
and African American music as the likely raw
material for an American art music that would validate
America as a nation.
Thus, a prognosticator from 1900 might have expected
some folk musicians to appear in this encyclopedia,
in a deferential position to the classical musicians,
who would by far take up most of the pages.
The variety of styles found here would have been
inconceivable. Such a broad mix also might have
raised eyebrows during the middle decades of the
twentieth century, when, amazingly, many people
referred to the music of high culture as “good” music,
considering it a more accurate term than “classical.”
(Interestingly, jazz musicians called it “longhair”
music.) By that time, this encyclopedia would
have been conceivable in more or less its present
form. Many of the key changes had taken place by
1940, the year Woody Guthrie met Pete Seeger.
During the Great Depression, Seeger’s father,
Charles, and stepmother, Ruth Crawford Seeger,
sought to join ranks with those who were suffering
economically, largely by bringing to them a brand
of avowedly dissonant modernist music. Perhaps
not surprisingly, such music did not catch on, so the
Seegers set about rethinking their assumptions
about composing. They decided that anyone who
changed a few notes here or a few words there to a
folk song was engaging in the authentic process of
composition. This meant that folk music was no
longer considered static raw material bound by tradition,
but rather it was a living body of music being
created anew by ordinary people. Pete Seeger
put this idea into practice with his singalong performances
of folk music, while Guthrie, Leadbelly,
and other singers were lauded as folk music composers.
This transformation of folk music (and, by
extension, of American music) from quaint, Romanticized
ballads to earthy, often raucous statements
signaled a fundamental shift in attitude: A
song did not have to be performed by a refined
singer in order to be realized at its fullest. The
homespun sound of the folk performer was no embarrassment
but in fact an integral part of the musical
expression

This history says more about the concept of folk
music than it says about the music’s sound, creation,
or dissemination. The folk songs collected by
John and Alan Lomax, the Seegers, and others were
a mix of Appalachian music sung by folks of British
origin, blues sung by African Americans, cowboy
songs of the Western United States, and more, but
much of this music was already available on commercial
recordings and radio broadcasts by the late
1920’s. It was marketed to niche audiences: white,
non-urban audiences for the country music of artists
such as the Carter Family, black audiences for
the blues of Bessie Smith, and so on. Seen in this
light, the folk music movement of the late 1930’s to
early 1950’s was an attempt to counter the commercialization
of traditional music by the recording
and broadcast industries, as well as an attempt to
fight against the racial and economic divisions that
were perpetuated by the marketing of the music.
Even the folk music movement itself could not
withstand such commercialization; by the late
1960’s, “folk” was yet another label on a bin in the
record store. Rather than identifying a certain type
of creative process, as the Seegers would have had
it, folk music was now identified by its style, which
most often began with a solo singer and an acoustic
guitar. Ethnicity was also still at the heart of commercial
categorizations, and “folk music” was predominantly
associated with white singers. Indeed,
the commercial classification of music continues to
invoke ethnicity. To some extent, this is no surprise;
after all, if musical traditions are handed down
within communities, it stands to reason that they be
associated with the ethnicities of those communities,
although the dynamics may be quite complex.
For example, hip-hop culture developed during the
1970’s as a way for urban African Americans and
Latinos to interact in a positive way, yet rap, the
music of hip-hop, is generally labeled African
American—even while other groups (such as Asian
Americans) adopt the style as an expression of their
own identities.
It is unlikely that a 1900 prognosticator could
have imagined anything like hip-hop, let alone envisioned
the inclusion of rap artists in an encyclopedia
such as this one. Even today, there is debate over
whether the recited lyrics of rap can be considered
music; and the rap artists’ use of disc-jockey techniques
and electronic manipulation of preexisting
recordings is a long way from what constituted
composition in 1900. One could fill many pages discussing
the precursors of rap’s musicalization of
the spoken word in African American history. Nevertheless,
rap music is also a reminder that technology
has continually changed not only the way musicians
work but also what they think music is.
A 1900 prognosticator would have thought
much differently about genre (a French word that
means “type” or “category”). In 1900 attempts to
categorize music tended to focus on national style
or on the different forms of classical music—templates
for composition such as the brief symphonic
overture, the storytelling symphonic poem, and the
long, four-movement symphony; for small groups
of solo instruments, the sonata, trio, and quartet; for
solo instrument accompanied by orchestra, the
concerto; for voice (usually with instrumental accompaniment),
the song or aria; and the grandest
spectacle of all, opera, a staged story set to music.
The differences among such forms seem to matter
less now, although many listeners respond quickly
to the differences among the country, rock, blues,
and musical-theater templates for songs. Today listeners
encounter a wider range of music than ever
before, with the result that they tend to categorize
music by broad traditions rather than by the different
forms within those traditions. Moreover, the
Romantic notion of music as universal expression
makes us reluctant to pigeonhole different kinds of
music in separate compartments. Miles Davis quite
rightly observed that music is “just music.”
Davis was understandably concerned that categorizations
of music were likely to get something
wrong. Nevertheless, it is necessary to recognize
differences in genre and style in order to understand
music. Just as one needs to know the language
of a speaker in order to respond to what the
speaker is saying, one needs familiarity with a musical
genre in order to respond fully to its expression.

Contents
Publisher’s Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Editor’s Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Key to Pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Will Ackerman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Roy Acuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
John Adams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Cannonball Adderley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Toshiko Akiyoshi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Herb Alpert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Trey Anastasio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Laurie Anderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Leroy Anderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Marian Anderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Dame Julie Andrews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Martha Argerich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Harold Arlen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Louis Armstrong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Eddy Arnold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Vladimir Ashkenazy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chet Atkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Hoyt Axton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Charles Aznavour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Milton Babbitt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Babyface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Burt Bacharach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Erykah Badu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Joan Baez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Samuel Barber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Daniel Barenboim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Ray Barretto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Béla Bartók . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Count Basie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Amy Beach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Sidney Bechet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Beck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Jeff Beck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Sir Thomas Beecham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Bix Beiderbecke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Harry Belafonte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Tony Bennett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Alban Berg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Alan Bergman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Luciano Berio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Irving Berlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Elmer Bernstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Leonard Bernstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Chuck Berry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Jussi Björling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Otis Blackwell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Rubén Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Eubie Blake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Art Blakey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Mary J. Blige . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Kurtis Blow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Bono . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Nadia Boulanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Pierre Boulez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
David Bowie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Jacques Brel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Benjamin Britten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Garth Brooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Clifford Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
James Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Roy Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Jackson Browne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Dave Brubeck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Jimmy Buffett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Johnny Burke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Solomon Burke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Gary Burton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Adolf Busch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Ferruccio Busoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Paul Butterfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
David Byrne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
John Cage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Sammy Cahn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Maria Callas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Glen Campbell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Mariah Carey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Wendy Carlos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Karen Carpenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Benny Carter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Elliott Carter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Maybelle Carter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Enrico Caruso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Henri Casadesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Pablo Casals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Johnny Cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Ray Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Carlos Chávez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Maurice Chevalier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Charlie Christian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Chuck D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Kyung-Wha Chung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Eric Clapton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
James Cleveland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Van Cliburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Jimmy Cliff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Patsy Cline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Kurt Cobain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
George M. Cohan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Leonard Cohen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Nat King Cole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Cy Coleman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Ornette Coleman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Judy Collins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Phil Collins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Willie Colón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
John Coltrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Sean Combs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Harry Connick, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Sam Cooke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Aaron Copland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Chick Corea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Elvis Costello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
James Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Sir Noël Coward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Henry Cowell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Bing Crosby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
David Crosby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Andraé Crouch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
George Crumb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Celia Cruz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Xavier Cugat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
D. M. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Roger Daltrey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Hal David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Ray Davies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century
vi
Miles Davis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Sammy Davis, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Claude Debussy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Sandy Denny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
John Denver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Paul Desmond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Neil Diamond. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Bo Diddley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Marlene Dietrich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Willie Dixon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Dr. Dre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Charles Dodge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Arnold Dolmetsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Eric Dolphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Plácido Domingo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Fats Domino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Thomas A. Dorsey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Lamont Dozier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Jacqueline du Pré . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Bob Dylan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Steve Earle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Fred Ebb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Duane Eddy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Danny Elfman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Sir Edward Elgar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Duke Ellington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Cass Elliot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Missy Elliott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Eminem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Brian Eno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Enya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Melissa Etheridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Bill Evans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Don and Phil Everly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Sammy Fain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Morton Feldman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Freddy Fender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Arthur Fiedler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Dorothy Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
50 Cent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau. . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Ella Fitzgerald. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Kirsten Flagstad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Lester Flatt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Béla Fleck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
John Fogerty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Aretha Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Lefty Frizzell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Blind Boy Fuller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Peter Gabriel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Sir James Galway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Jerry Garcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Art Garfunkel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Judy Garland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Erroll Garner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Marvin Gaye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
George Gershwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Ira Gershwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Stan Getz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Barry, Maurice, and Robin Gibb . . . . . . . . 495
Gilberto Gil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
João Gilberto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Dizzy Gillespie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Philip Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Gerry Goffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Jerry Goldsmith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Osvaldo Golijov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Benny Goodman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Dexter Gordon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Glenn Gould . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Percy Aldridge Grainger. . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Grandmaster Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Amy Grant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Stéphane Grappelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Adolph Green and Betty Comden . . . . . . . 538
Al Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Dave Grusin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Sofia Gubaidulina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Arlo Guthrie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Woody Guthrie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Buddy Guy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Merle Haggard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Bill Haley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Marvin Hamlisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
M. C. Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Oscar Hammerstein II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Lionel Hampton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Herbie Hancock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
W. C. Handy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Nikolaus Harnoncourt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Emmylou Harris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
George Harrison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Lou Harrison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Deborah Harry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Lorenz Hart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Contents
vii
Coleman Hawkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Isaac Hayes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
Jascha Heifetz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
Fletcher Henderson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Jimi Hendrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Victor Herbert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Bernard Herrmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Paul Hindemith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Christopher Hogwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Billie Holiday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Eddie and Brian Holland . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Buddy Holly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Gustav Holst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Arthur Honegger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
John Lee Hooker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Lightnin’ Hopkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Lena Horne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
James Horner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Vladimir Horowitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Son House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Howlin’ Wolf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Alberta Hunter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Mississippi John Hurt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
Chrissie Hynde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Ice Cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Ice-T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Julio Iglesias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Burl Ives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Charles Ives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Janet Jackson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Mahalia Jackson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Michael Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Sir Mick Jagger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
James Jamerson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Elmore James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Etta James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Leoš Janá5ek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Bert Jansch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Keith Jarrett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Jay-Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Blind Lemon Jefferson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Waylon Jennings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Joan Jett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Antônio Carlos Jobim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Billy Joel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Sir Elton John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Lonnie Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Robert Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
Elvin Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
George Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Hank Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Quincy Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
Janis Joplin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Scott Joplin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
Louis Jordan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
John Kander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Herbert von Karajan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
Jerome Kern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Aram Khachaturian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Ali Akbar Khan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770
Albert King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
B. B. King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
Carole King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Rahsaan Roland Kirk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
Kitarf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
Otto Klemperer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
Zoltán Kodály. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
Kool DJ Herc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
Erich Wolfgang Korngold . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Serge Koussevitzky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796
Alison Krauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798
Fritz Kreisler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800
Kris Kristofferson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
Fela Kuti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Patti LaBelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Wanda Landowska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
K. D. Lang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
Queen Latifah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
Leadbelly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
Peggy Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Michel Legrand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826
Lotte Lehmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Tom Lehrer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Jerry Leiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834
John Lennon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
Gustav Leonhardt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840
Alan Jay Lerner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
James Levine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846
Jerry Lee Lewis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
John Lewis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
György Ligeti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Gordon Lightfoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
Little Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century
viii
LL Cool J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864
Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber. . . . . . . . . . . . 866
Frank Loesser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Frederick Loewe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872
Alan Lomax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875
Lyle Lovett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
Alvin Lucier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Witold Lutosuawski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884
Loretta Lynn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Yo-Yo Ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Sir Paul McCartney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894
Bobby McFerrin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898
Roger McGuinn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
Marian McPartland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
Madonna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905
Gustav Mahler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Miriam Makeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
Henry Mancini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Bob Marley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
Wynton Marsalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
Frank Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
Sir George Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925
Bohuslav Martinx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927
Hugh Masekela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
Johnny Mathis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
Dave Matthews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934
Curtis Mayfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
Dame Nellie Melba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
Lauritz Melchior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940
Memphis Minnie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
Gian Carlo Menotti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
Sir Yehudi Menuhin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948
Johnny Mercer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951
Ethel Merman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953
Robert Merrill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956
Olivier Messiaen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
Pat Metheny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962
Darius Milhaud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964
Glenn Miller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967
Roger Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969
Ronnie Milsap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
Charles Mingus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973
Joni Mitchell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977
Thelonious Monk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980
Bill Monroe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984
Wes Montgomery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
Ennio Morricone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
Jim Morrison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
Van Morrison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
Morrissey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Jelly Roll Morton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999
Anne-Sophie Mutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002
Conlon Nancarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006
Milton Nascimento . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008
Fats Navarro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
Ricky Nelson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Willie Nelson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
Aaron Neville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
Anthony Newley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
Alfred Newman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
Randy Newman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026
Red Nichols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
Stevie Nicks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
Carl Nielsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
Luigi Nono. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037
Jessye Norman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039
Notorious B.I.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
Odetta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044
David Oistrakh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047
Mike Oldfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049
Pauline Oliveros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052
Roy Orbison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1054
Carl Orff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058
Johnny Otis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060
Ignace Jan Paderewski. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063
Jimmy Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
Eddie Palmieri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
Charlie Parker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
Gram Parsons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
Arvo Pärt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077
Harry Partch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1080
Dolly Parton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082
Charley Patton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086
Les Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088
Luciano Pavarotti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091
Tom Paxton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093
Carl Perkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095
Itzhak Perlman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097
Oscar Peterson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100
Tom Petty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
Édith Piaf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105
Astor Piazzolla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109
Wilson Pickett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112
Robert Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114
Contents
ix
Cole Porter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118
Francis Poulenc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121
Bud Powell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125
Pérez Prado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
Elvis Presley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131
Sir André Previn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1134
Leontyne Price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138
Charley Pride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140
Prince . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143
John Prine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145
Professor Longhair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147
Sergei Prokofiev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
Giacomo Puccini. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153
Tito Puente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157
Sergei Rachmaninoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161
Ma Rainey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164
Bonnie Raitt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166
Joey Ramone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169
Jean-Pierre Rampal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172
Maurice Ravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174
Otis Redding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178
Jimmy Reed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1180
Lou Reed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1182
Steve Reich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185
Django Reinhardt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1188
Ottorino Respighi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191
Silvestre Revueltas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1193
Sir Tim Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196
Keith Richards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197
Jean Ritchie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200
Tex Ritter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1202
Max Roach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205
Robbie Robertson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209
Paul Robeson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211
Smokey Robinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213
Jimmie Rodgers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216
Richard Rodgers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1220
Sonny Rollins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225
Sigmund Romberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1228
Linda Ronstadt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1231
Diana Ross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1233
Mstislav Rostropovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1236
Nino Rota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1240
Miklós Rózsa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244
Artur Rubinstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1248
Otis Rush. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1251
Tom Rush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1253
John Rutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255
Frederic Rzewski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258
Buffy Sainte-Marie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261
Esa-Pekka Salonen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263
Salt and Pepa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266
Carl Sandburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1267
Pharoah Sanders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1270
Carlos Santana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1272
Erik Satie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275
Pierre Schaeffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1278
Artur Schnabel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281
Alfred Schnittke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1284
Arnold Schoenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1287
Franz Schreker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1291
Albert Schweitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1294
Gil Scott-Heron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1296
Aleksandr Scriabin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1298
Earl Scruggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1301
Charles Seeger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1303
Mike Seeger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1307
Peggy Seeger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309
Pete Seeger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311
Ruth Crawford Seeger . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315
Bob Seger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1318
Andrés Segovia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1320
Rudolf Serkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323
Joseph Shabalala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1326
Tupac Shakur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1328
Ravi Shankar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1331
Artie Shaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335
Wayne Shorter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1337
Dmitri Shostakovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1340
Jean Sibelius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1344
Beverly Sills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1348
Joseph “Run” Simmons . . . . . . . . . . . . 1351
Carly Simon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1353
Paul Simon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355
Nina Simone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1358
Frank Sinatra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1361
Grace Slick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1364
Bessie Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1366
Kate Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1369
Mamie Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1371
Michael W. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1374
Patti Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375
Snoop Dogg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377
Sir Georg Solti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1379
Stephen Sondheim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1382
John Philip Sousa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385
Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century
x
Phil Spector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1389
Bruce Springsteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1391
Ralph Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1394
Pops Staples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396
Max Steiner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1398
Isaac Stern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1401
Cat Stevens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405
Rod Stewart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1407
William Grant Still . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1409
Stephen Stills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1412
Sting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415
Karlheinz Stockhausen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1418
Leopold Stokowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1420
Mike Stoller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1423
Sly Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1426
George Strait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1428
Richard Strauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1430
Igor Stravinsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1435
Billy Strayhorn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1439
Barbra Streisand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1441
Joe Strummer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1445
Jule Styne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1446
Donna Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1449
Sun Ra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1451
Dame Joan Sutherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1453
Shin’ichi Suzuki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1456
George Szell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1458
Joseph Szigeti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1461
Karol Szymanowski. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1463
Tfru Takemitsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1467
Tan Dun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1471
Art Tatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1473
Sir John Tavener. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1475
Cecil Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1478
James Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1481
Renata Tebaldi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483
Sonny Terry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1486
Léon Theremin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1488
Michael Tilson Thomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1490
Virgil Thomson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1493
Dimitri Tiomkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1496
Sir Michael Tippett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1499
Mel Tormé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1501
Arturo Toscanini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1503
Peter Tosh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1507
Pete Townshend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1510
Merle Travis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513
Ernest Tubb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515
Big Joe Turner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517
Tina Turner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1519
Jeff Tweedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1522
Conway Twitty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1525
McCoy Tyner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1528
Umm Kulthum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1531
Ritchie Valens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1534
Vangelis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1536
Eddie Van Halen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1538
Jimmy Van Heusen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1541
Dave Van Ronk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1543
Townes Van Zandt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1545
Edgard Varèse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1547
Sarah Vaughan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1551
Stevie Ray Vaughan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1554
Ralph Vaughan Williams. . . . . . . . . . . . 1556
Suzanne Vega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1560
Heitor Villa-Lobos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1562
Gene Vincent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566
Tom Waits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569
T-Bone Walker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1571
Fats Waller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1573
Bruno Walter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1575
Sir William Walton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1578
Clara Ward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1580
Dionne Warwick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1583
Dinah Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1585
Muddy Waters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1587
Roger Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1591
Doc Watson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1593
André Watts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1597
Franz Waxman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1599
Jimmy Webb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1601
Anton von Webern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1603
Ben Webster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1607
Kurt Weill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1609
August Wenzinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1613
Paul Whiteman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615
Hank Williams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618
John Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1620
Lucinda Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1624
Mary Lou Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1626
Sonny Boy Williamson I . . . . . . . . . . . . 1628
Sonny Boy Williamson II . . . . . . . . . . . . 1630
Meredith Willson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1633
Brian Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1636
Contents
xi
Jackie Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1638
Julia Wolfe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1641
Stevie Wonder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1643
Tammy Wynette. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1646
Iannis Xenakis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1649
Yanni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1653
Lester Young. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1655
Neil Young. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1658
Frank Zappa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1661
Hans Zimmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1665
Appendixes
General Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1671
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1696
Chronological List of Musicians . . . . . . . . 1725
Electronic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1733
Indexes
Category Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743
Geographical Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1759
Personages and Groups Index . . . . . . . . . 1767
Works Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1779