M. Diaz-Andreu – A World History of 19th-Century Archaeology

Автор: M. Diaz-Andreu
Название книги: A World History of 19th-Century Archaeology
Формат: PDF
Жанр: Археология
Страницы: 501
Качество: Изначально компьютерное, E-book

Margarita Diaz-Andreu offers an innovative history of archaeology during the nineteenth century, encompassing all its fields from the origins of humanity to the medieval period, and all areas of the world. The development of archaeology is placed within the framework of contemporary political events, with a particular focus upon the ideologies of nationalism and imperialism. Diaz-Andreu examines a wide range of issues, including the creation of institutions, the conversion of the study of antiquities into a profession, public memory, changes in archaeological thought and practice, and the effect on archaeology of racism, religion, the belief in progress, hegemony, and resistance

In 1999, while organizing a one-day conference on ‘Nationalism and Archaeology’
held in the London School of Economics, I was encouraged by the
well-known scholar of nationalism, the sociologist Anthony Smith, to write
an overview. By then I was not new to the subject. Over the years I had been
contributing to the lively debate over the value of understanding the political
context for the development of archaeology. This contested the previously
dominant internalist perspective on the history of archaeology, which focused
on the progress of archaeological thought while taking little, if any, account
of the socio-political and economic framework in which it was formulated.
As part of the debate, I edited books on nationalism (Dı´az-Andreu &
Champion 1996b; Dı´az-Andreu & Smith 2001), and women in academia
(Dı´az-Andreu & Sørensen 1998b), as well as producing work more narrowly
related to the archaeology of particular countries, Spain and, to a lesser
extent, Britain.
Throughout the 1999 conference it became obvious how uneven our
understanding of developments in archaeology beyond Europe was. It was
unclear how imperialism and colonialism had aVected archaeological practice
in the colonies, as well as in parts of the world which resisted colonialism such
as China and Japan. Also, studies on the growth of professional archaeology as
a hegemonic discourse had not been matched by an examination of whether
this had been contested by a minority of archaeologists themselves and by the
general public, and whether there had been alternative accounts. Such studies
had also focused on a narrow period starting in the late nineteenth century,
but the literature on the impact on archaeology of the rise of nationalism in
the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a topic explored by a
handful of history of art scholars, was practically ignored by archaeologists.
The organization of a joint conference between archaeologists and sociologists
also highlighted the potential for archaeology to proWt from insights
formulated in other social sciences, such as history, sociology, history of art,
the history of science, and literary studies.
I have been working on topics related to the subject of this book for more
than a decade and on the manuscript itself for seven years. This has required
me to undertake an extremely wide reading and I have needed time to reXect
upon previously undetected connections between diVerent parts of the globe.
This does not mean that everybody who worked in archaeology anywhere in
the world is mentioned here. This would not only be impossible, but also
belong to a diVerent sort of undertaking. My initial aim was to include in this
book the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, but I subsequently realized
that I could not cover all the issues in a single volume. However, chapters
relating to twentieth-century archaeology have already been written and will
hopefully form part of a future volume that will most probably take a fair deal
of eVort to complete. This is a work of synthesis. Nevertheless, it is a more indepth
study than initially intended. To a considerable extent the research
conducted for this project is based on three major types of readings. In the
Wrst place, I have explored a narrow selection of contemporaneous writings by
antiquarians, archaeologists, and other scientists and thinkers. Secondly, this
work has greatly beneWted from analyses of the history of science carried out
by anthropologists, historians, and philologists. Finally and most importantly,
I have drawn on many studies on the history of archaeology in several
languages, including English, German (to the extent that my knowledge of
the language has allowed me), and several Romance tongues (French, Italian,
and Spanish), which have helped my work tremendously and of which the
bibliography at the end of the book is, I hope, good reXection. Nonetheless,
I cannot pretend to have covered the entire literature of the subject. I am
constrained by my limited mastery of most of the world’s languages, in which
a lot of interesting information is no doubt to be found.
While I alone am responsible for what has been written, I would like to
acknowledge the great debt I owe to institutions and colleagues for providing
essential support. A small—but extremely helpful—dean’s fund in the summer
of 2004 made it easier for me to use the British Library to access
information diYcult to obtain otherwise. An invaluable grant from the
AHRC allowed me extra time for research during October to December
2004, in addition to the two sabbatical terms provided by the university. This
made it possible for me to have a good, Wrst draft of the volume ready by the
time I returned to my teaching commitments. The research committee in my
department also provided me with Wnancial help to pay for the editing of the
English of the original text and later helped to alleviate my administrative
commitments at the time when the volume had to be revised in light of
the readers’ comments in summer 2006. As a non-native English speaker,
for the successful completion of the project a team of English editors was
needed: I am most grateful to Anwen CaVell, Gary Campbell, Jaime
Jennings, Anne O’Connor, Megan Price, Kate Sharpe, and Angel Smith.
I am also indebted to the large number of people who, over many years,
have assisted with the writing of this project. My greatest debt is to Suzanne
Marchand and to two other anonymous readers for Oxford University Press,
who oVered insightful critiques of my manuscript. My response to their
many comments has greatly improved the quality of the book. The following
scholars suggested ideas and shared information after having read one or
more chapters: Nadia Erzini, Anna Leone, and Stephen Vernoit for North
African archaeology, Daniel Scha´velzon for Latin America, Jarl Nordbladh
for early nineteenth-century European archaeology, Rasmi Shoocongdej for
Siam (Thailand), Neil Silberman for the archaeology of the biblical lands,
Gina Barnes and Lothar von Falkenhausen for East Asia, Daniel Saunders for
the Russian Empire, Charles Higham for Southeast Asia and Dilip Chakrabarti
and Sudeshna Guha for India. Many others have been ready to answer
speciWc questions and provided me with interesting ideas. In alphabetical
order, these are Lois Armada, Marcello Barbanera, Tim Bayliss-Smith, Gary
Campbell, Haydon L. Cherry, B. F. Cook, Per Cornell, Jordi Cortadella, Noe¨l
Coye, Chris Evans, Lothar von Falkenhausen, Vı´ctor Ferna´ndez, Lucio
Menezes Ferreira, Pedro Paulo Funari, Brien K. Garnand, Norman Girardot,
Chris Heaton, Christine Hertler, Caroline Humphreys, Jørgen Jensen, Matthew
Johnson, Lise Bender Jorgensen, Anessa Kassam, Lars Larsson, Jose´ Ramo´n
Lo´pez Rodrı´guez, Peter Manuelian, Suzanne Marchand, Jaume Masso´, Aron
Mazel, Chris Miele, Ignacio Montero, Gloria Mora, Oscar Moro, Tim Murray,
Aleksandr Naymark, Elisabeth Nordbladh, Anne O’Connor, Ayse Ozdemir,
David W. Phillipson, Peter Rowley-Conwy, Laurajane Smith, Pamela Jane
Smith, Ulrike Sommer,Marie Louis Stig Sørensen, Ruth Struwe, Igor L.Tikhonov,
Mogens Trolle Larsen, Luis Va´zquez Leo´ n, Guus Veenendaal, Stephen
Vernoit, Ha˚kan Wahlquist, Hartmut Walravens, Stine Wiell, Penny Wilson,
and Oliver Zimmer. This book owes an intellectual debt to many people in
Spain (for the whole list see Dı´az-Andreu 2002: 11–13), to Bruce Trigger’s
work, which has made history of archaeology an acceptable enterprise in the
eyes of my colleagues and to the members of the AREA (Archives of European
Archaeology) project. This volume should be seen as contributing to the
project’s goals. Iwould like to express my sincere thanks to all those mentioned
above for their encouragement. Last, but not least, thanks to Durham library,
and especially to John Lumsden, Kate Page, Caro Baker, and HeatherMedcalf,
for having searched and made available a wide range of publications which
have greatly enriched this work.
Portions of Chapter 1 were published in the introductory chapter of the
volume edited with Anthony D. Smith on Nationalism and Archaeology in the
journal Nations and Nationalism 7.4. Ideas subsequently included in Chapter 2
were Wrst part of a lecture tour of Brazil in 1999 when, thanks to Professor
Pedro Funari, I was invited by the FAPESP (the Science Foundation of the
State of Sa˜o Paulo in Brazil) to teach in the universities of Campinas, Joinville
and Sa˜o Paulo. The core of Chapters 4, 7, and 10 was initially drafted during a
lecture tour in Mexico (Mexico City, Xalapa, and Me´rida), organized by
Enrique Florescano and Alain Schnapp in December 1997, and other ideas
in these chapters much later discussed in the conference Informal Empire?
held in Bristol in January 2007. In addition, sections of Chapters 5 and 8 were
delivered at the conference British Island Stories: History, Identity and Nationhood
organized in 2002 and published in 2004.
Finally, my greatest thanks to my family—my husband Angel and my
daughter Anna. This book is dedicated to them.