C. Wayne Smith – Rice. Origin History Technology and Production

Автор: C. Wayne Smith
Название книги: Rice. Origin History Technology and Production
Формат: PDF
Жанр: Биологические науки
Страницы: 659
Качество: Изначально компьютерное, E-book

“Rice: Evolution, History, Production, and Technology”, the third book in the Wiley Series in Crop Science, provides unique, single-source coverage of rice, from cultivar development techniques and soil characteristics to harvesting, storage, and germplasm resources. “Rice” covers the plant's origins and history, physiology and genetics, production and production hazards, harvesting, processing, and products.
“Rice” provides detailed information in an easy-to-use format, making it valuable to scientists and researchers as well as growers, processors, and grain merchants and shippers.
Contents:
Origin and History.
Origin, Domestication, and Diversification (Te-Tzu Chang).
Biosystematics of the Genus Oryza (Duncan A. Vaughan and Hiroko Morishima).
American Rice Industry: Historical Overview of Production and Marketing (Henry C. Dethloff).
Origin and Characteristics of U.S. Rice Cultivars (David J. Mackill and Kent S. McKenzie).
The Rice Plant.
Rice Morphology and Development (Karen A. K. Moldenhauer and Julia H. Gibbons).
Rice Physiology (Paul A. Counce, David R. Gealy, and Shi-Jean Susana Sung).
Genetics, Cytogenetics, Mutation, and Beyond (Georgia C. Eizenga and J. Neil Rutger).
Techniques for Development of New Cultivars (Anna Myers McClung).
Rice Biotechnology (Thomas H. Tai).
Studies on Rice Allelochemicals (Agnes M. Rimando and Stephen O. Duke).
Production.
Global Rice Production (Bobby Coats).
Rice Production (Joseph E. Street and Patrick K. Bollich).
Rice Soils: Physical and Chemical Characteristics and Behavior (H. Don Scott, David M. Miller, and Fabrice G. Renaud).
Soil Fertilization and Mineral Nutrition in U.S. Mechanized Rice Culture (Richard J. Norman, Charles E. Wilson, Jr., and Nathan A. Slaton).
Rice Diseases (Don Groth and Fleet Lee).
Rice Arthropod Pests and Their Management in the United States (M. O. Way).
Rice Weed Control (Andy Kendig, Bill Williams, and C. Wayne Smith).
Rice Marketing (Gail L. Cramer, Kenneth B. Young, and Eric J. Wailes).
Products and Product Processing.
Rice Harvesting (Graeme R. Quick).
Rice Storage (Terry A. Howell, Jr.).
Rough Rice Drying and Milling Quality (Terry J. Siebenmorgan, Wade Yang, Rustico Bautista, and Auke Cnossen).
Germplasm Resources.
Germplasm Collection, Preservation, and Utilization (Harold E. Bockelman, Robert H. Dilday, Wengui Yan, and Darrell M. Wesenberg).

Rice, Oryza sativa, also called paddy rice, common rice, lowland or upland rice, not
including American wild rice, Zizania palustris L., is the major caloric source for a
large portion of the earth’s population. This food grain is produced in at least 95
countries around the globe, with China producing 36% of the world’s production
in 1999, followed by India at 21%, Indonesia at 8%, and Bangladesh and Vietnam
each producing about 5%. The United States produced about 1.5% of the world’s
total annual production during the last half of the 1990s. However, the United States
accounts for about 15% of the annual world exports of rice.
Although there probably were experimental plots of rice in the colonies prior
to 1686, the first recorded effort in rice production was by Henry Woodward of
Charleston, South Carolina, in that year. This account of the introduction of rice
has John Thurber, a captain of an English brigantine, docking at Charleston Harbor
in or before 1686. During this fortuitous occurrence, there being no indication of
why the ship docked in Charleston, Woodward obtained about a “peck” of rice seed
that had been placed aboard ship in Madagascar. From this humble beginning, rice
production soared to 680 mt in only 23 years. The production of rice, and later indigo,
made Charleston one of the wealthiest cities in the South duringmuch of the colonial
period in America.
Carolina White cultivar resulted from the 1686 Madagascar introduction and
Carolina Gold cultivar was selected from Carolina White shortly thereafter, or was
a separate introduction at about the same time. There apparently were no additional
introductions or selections grown for almost 200 years, although logic dictates that
producers made additional selections within the original introduction and that additional
introductions made their way into South Carolina and Georgia. The next
documented cultivar introduced into the United States was Honduras in 1890. The
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), through the efforts of S. A. Knapp, began
systemic introductions of rice in 1899 with the introduction of Kiushu from Japan.
The first commercial seedsman to develop commercial cultivars of rice through selection
was S. L. Wright of Crowley, Louisiana. Crop improvement programs based
on the scientific principles of gene segregation and recombination were established
by the USDA in the early 1930s in Arkansas, California, Louisiana, and Texas. State
agriculture experiment station programs were initiated later in Florida, Mississippi,
and Missouri.
Rice production was limited to the tidewater land regions of South Carolina and
Georgia prior to the CivilWar because of the ease of adding water to rice paddies via
a series of dikes and gates utilizing fluctuations in freshwater levels caused by ocean
tides. By 1850, these two states accounted for 90% of the rice produced in the United States. South Carolina and Georgia continued to be major producers of rice after the
CivilWar, producing about 34 000 mt in 1870, but this was only 34% of 1850 production.
However, themovement of rice production that had begunwith the expansion of
the country prior to 1850 gained momentum, and by 1890, Louisiana was the leading
producer of rice, and production in the tidewater regions of the Atlantic coast had
ceased to exist. Today, production is concentrated in Arkansas, California, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas. California produces predominately medium-grain
rice and the remaining states produce predominately long-grain rice.
Rice is grown predominately under flooded conditions with water impounded
on the rice field, often called a paddy. Only about 15% of total world hectarage is
grown as dryland, without water being impounded. In many areas of the world,
the water that is impounded within the paddies is from rainwater, whereas in the
United States rice is irrigated from wells or surface water such as rivers. Production
in the United States is a highly sophisticated operation, with laser leveling of fields
and huge combines specially designed for rice harvest. Although much of the rice
produced in the world is consumed locally and undergoes little processing prior to
consumption, that produced in the United States is perled, or polished, using stateof-
the-art machinery to produce whole or nearly whole kernels with an aesthetically
pleasing, pure white appearance. This product is coated with vitamins and iron to
improve human health and may be treated to make it “quick” cooking, to fit our fastpaced
lifestyles.
There are many other fascinating aspects of this crop and its production: such
aspects as its genetic diversity, its production of allelochemical exudates that control
some aquaticweeds, the aquatic nature of the plant itself, the methods of applying and
removing floods, land preparation, biotic pest control, and many others. We believe
that the student of agriculture will find profit and pleasure in this monograph on rice
and its origin, history, technology, and production.