M. Hayat – Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells (13 Volume set)

Описание

Preface
It is recognized that scientific journals and books not only provide current information
but also facilitate exchange of information, resulting in rapid progress in the medical
field. In this endeavor, the main role of scientific books is to present current information
in more detail after careful additional evaluation of the investigational results,
especially those of new or relatively new therapeutic methods and their potential toxic
side-effects.
Although subjects of diagnosis, cancer recurrence, resistance to chemotherapy,
assessment of treatment effectiveness, including cell therapy and side-effects of a
treatment are scattered in a vast number of journals and books, there is need of combining
these subjects in single volumes. An attempt will be made to accomplish this
goal in the projected seven-volume series of Handbooks.
In the era of cost-effectiveness, my opinion may be minority perspective, but it
needs to be recognized that the potential for false-positive or false-negative interpretation
on the basis of a single laboratory test in clinical pathology does exist.
Interobservor or intraobservor variability in the interpretation of results in pathology
is not uncommon. Interpretative differences often are related to the relative
importance of the criteria being used.
Generally, no test always performs perfectly. Although there is no perfect remedy
to this problem, standardized classifications with written definitions and guidelines
will help. Standardization of methods to achieve objectivity is imperative in this
effort. The validity of a test should be based on the careful, objective interpretation
of the tomographic images, photomicrographs, and other tests. The interpretation
of the results should be explicit rather than implicit. To achieve accurate diagnosis
and correct prognosis, the use of molecular criteria and targeted medicine is important.
Equally important are the translation of molecular genetics into clinical practice
and evidence-based therapy. Translation of medicine from the laboratory to clinical
application needs to be carefully expedited. Indeed, molecular medicine has arrived.
Although current cancer treatment methods have had an important impact on
cancer-related morbidity and mortality, the cure rates are modest. On the other
hand, cell-based therapy has the potential to treat human conditions not treatable
with available pharmaceutical agents, radiation, surgery, chemotherapy or hormonal
therapy. Stem cells present important opportunity to elucidate manifold aspects of
molecular biology and potential therapeutic strategies, especially in the areas of cancer
and tissue/organ injuries. In other words, stem cell field has tremendous potential
in deciphering the molecular pathways involved in human diseases. Some stem cell
therapies already are being clinically used routinely; for example in leukemic therapy Human stem cells also have the potential for application in regenerative medicine,
tissue engineering, and in vitro applications in drug discovery and toxicity testing.
Stem cells represent populations of primal cells found in all multicellular organisms,
which have the capacity to form a variety of different cell types.
A brief statement on the difference between tissue specific stem cells and embryonic
stem cells is in order. Tissue specific stem cells (adult or somatic stem cell) can
be isolated from a range of organs and tissues from fetal or adult organisms. These
cells have a limited life span, each explicative senescences during in vitro to propagation
and are multipotent, and thus can be differentiated into a limited number of
specialized cells. Embryonic stem cells, on the other hand, are isolated from the inner
cell mass of a fertilized egg that has been cultured in vitro to match the blastocyte
stage (5–7 days post-fertilization). These cells possess infinite capacity to proliferate
in vitro provided maintained in an appropriate condition. The advantage of these cells
is that they are pluripotent and can give rise to any fetal or adult cell type.
This is volume 1 of the seven-volume series, Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells:
Therapeutic Applications in Disease and Injury. Support and development of the
stem cell field, especially the application of human pluripotent stem calls (embryonic
cells), mesenchymal stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells in cancer therapy
and tissue/organ regeneration, are discussed. Role of neural cancer stem cells in brain
tumors, including their role in brain tumor therapy and the role of CD133 stem cell
antigen in glioma patients, is explained. Therapeutic role of bone marrow-derived
stem cells in myocardial infarction and the use of mesenchymal stem cells in orthopedics
are explained. Transplantation of umbilical cord hematopoietic stem cells
and allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation followed by graft-versus-host
disease are presented.
The contents of the book are divided into four sections, Introduction, Neural Stem
Cells, Gliomas, and Transplantation, for the convenience of the readers. Vast applications
of stem cells, cancer stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and pluripotent
human stem cells are discussed. Role of cancer stem cells specifically in glioblastoma
and medulloblastoma is explained. Interferon treatment for glioma-initiating
cells is discussed. Transplantation of embryonic stem cells to reduce brain lesions is
included. Complex role of stem cells in angiogenesis is detailed. Targeting of cancer
stem cells is also included. Insights on the understanding of molecular pathways
involved in tumor biology are explained, which lead to the development of effective
drugs. Information on pathways (e.g., hedgehog) facilitates targeted therapies in
cancer.
By bringing together a large number of experts (oncologists, neurosurgeons, physicians,
research scientists, and pathologists) in various aspects of this medical field, it
is my hope that substantial progress will be made against terrible human disease and
injury. It is difficult for a single author to discuss effectively the complexity of diagnosis,
therapy, including tissue regeneration. Another advantage of involving more than
one author is to present different points of view on a specific controversial aspect of
cancer cure and tissue regeneration. I hope these goals will be fulfilled in this and
other volumes of the series. This volume was written by 45 contributors representing
14 countries. I am grateful to them for their promptness in accepting my suggestions.
Their practical experience highlights their writings, which should build and
further the endeavors of the readers in this important area of disease. I respect and
appreciate the hard work and exceptional insight into the nature of cancer provided
by these contributors. The contents of the volume are divided into four subheadings:
Introduction, Neuronal Stem Cells, Gliomas, and Transplantation for the convenience
of the reader.
It is my hope that subsequent volumes of the series will join this volume in assisting
in the more complete understanding. There exists a tremendous, urgent demand
by the public and the scientific community to address to cancer diagnosis, treatment,
cure, and hopefully prevention. In the light of existing cancer calamity, government
funding must give priority to eradicating deadly malignancies over military
superiority.
I am thankful to Dr. Dawood Farahi and Dr. Kristie Reilly for recognizing the
importance of medical research and publishing through an institution of higher
education.

1. Difference between tissue specific stem cells and embryonic stem cells is explained. The advantages of the latter are included. The application of human pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells in cancer therapy and tissue/organ regeneration is detailed. Role of neural cancer stem cells in brain tumors, including their role in brain tumor therapy and the role of CD133 stem cell antigen in glioma patients, is emphasized. Therapeutic role of bone marrow-derived stem cells in myocardial infarction and the role of mesenchymal stem cells in orthopedics are explained. Transplantation of umbilical cord hematopoietic stem cells and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation followed by graft-versus-host disease are presented. Role of cancer stem cells specifically in glioblastoma and medulloblastoma is included. It is also emphasized that CD133 is an appropriate stem cell marker for gliomas. Targeting of cancer cells is also explained.

2. As in volume 1 of this series, this volume presents information on stem cells and cancer stem cells; Therapeutic Applications in disease and tissue/organ injury. Methodologies of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are major components of this volume. Specific stem cells discussed are: human embryonic stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, cord blood stem cells, human pluripotent stem cells, gliosarcoma stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, intestinal stem cells, human thyroid cancer stem cells, tumor stem cells, menstrual stem-like cells, neural stem cells, breast cancer stem cells, allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells, fetal membrane-derived mesemchynmal stem cells, and omental stem cells. The method for isolating bone marrow stromal cells is explained. Method for generating marmoset-induced pluripotent stem cells, using transcription factors, is also explained. Use of stem cell lines in therapeutic applications is discussed. Programming of stem cells is described. Methods for transplantation of stem cells are presented. Use of various types of stem cells for conditions such as stroke, ischemia, heart diseases, Alzhemier’s disease, and neurogenerative diseases in general, is explained. For example, generation of human cardiac muscle cells from adipose-derived stem cells is included. Another example is repairing bone defects using mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal-derived endothelial cells. Differentiation of new neurons from neural stem cells is described. Method for repairing retina condition using human embryonic stem cells is explained; these cells can induce neural differentiation. Treatment of graft-versus-host disease resulting from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is elaborated.

3. It is pointed out that cancer stem cell is a cell type within a tumor that possesses the capacity of cell-renewal and can give rise to the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor. It is emphasized that a cancer stem cell is a tumor initiating cell. That conventional chemotherapy kills most cells in a tumor, but cancer stem cells remain intact is discussed. Vast applications of stem cells, cancer stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and human pluripotent stem cells are discussed. Because human embryonic stem cells possess the potential of producing unlimited quantities of any human cell type, considerable focus is placed on their therapeutic potential in this volume. Because of the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, this volume discusses various applications such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, pharmacological and toxicological uses. The role of these cells in cell differentiation is also included. The role of cancer stem cells of breast, colon, and melanoma tumors in response to antitumor therapy is detailed. The role of cancer stem cells, specifically in the deadliest brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, is explained. Transplantation of bone marrow-derived stem cells for myocardial infarcation and use of mesenchymal stem cells in orthopedics are described.

4. Vast therapeutic applications of the following specific stem cells in disease and tissue injury are discussed: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, human hair follicle stem cells, bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells, adipose-derived stem cells, periodontal/progenitor cells, cancer stem cells, and breast cancer stem cells. Because human embryonic stem cells possess the potential to produce unlimited quantities of any human cell type, considerable focus is placed on this type of stem cells in this volume. The role of cancer stem cells, specifically in breast cancer is explained. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells to aid the injured brain is included. Immune recovery after stem cells transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency patients is described. The role of mesenchymal stem cells in enhancing the growth and metastasis of colon cancer is discussed. Clinical application of human follicle stem cells is presented. Treatment of malignant gliomas using genetically-modified neural stem cells as a marker is discussed. The impact of cancer stem cell hypothesis on designing new cancer therapies is explained. In the field of regenerative medicine, the use of stem cells in the repair of the central nervous system, tendon injury, and as a cardiac regenerative medicine is described. The role of DNA methylation in maintaining stemness induced pluripotent stem cells from human extraembryonic amnion cells is discussed. Insights on the understanding of molecular pathways involved in tumor biology are explained, which lead to the development of effective drugs. Information on pathways, such as hedgehog, facilitates targeted therapies in cancer

5. It is pointed out that a cancer stem cell is a type within a tumor that possesses the capacity of self-renewal and can give rise to the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells, which comprise the tumor. It is emphasized that a unique feature of cancer stem cells is that, although conventional chemotherapy kills most cells in a tumor, cancer stem cells remain intact. Vast applications of the following specific stem cells in disease and tissue injury are discussed: embryonic stem cells, human mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, arterial stem cells, neural stem cells, cardiac stem cells, dental stem cells, limbal stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells. Because human embryonic stem cells possess the potential to produce unlimited quantities of any human cell type, considerable focus is placed on their therapeutic potential in this volume. These cells are used in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, pharmacological and toxicological studies, and fundamental studies of cell differentiation. It is pointed out that the formation of embryoid bodies, which are three-dimensional aggregates of embryonic cells, is the initial step in the differentiation of these cells. Therapeutic implications of signalling pathways in cancer stem cells are pointed out. Targeting self-renewal pathways in cancer stem cells are also included. Application of mesenchymal stem cells for treating ischemic brain injury is explained. Neural stem cells proliferation into the surrounding area of the traumatic brain injury is explained.

6. The difference among pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, and unipotent stem cells is pointed out. Vast therapeutic applications of the following specific stem cells in disease and tissue injury are discussed: human embryonic stem cells, human mesenchymal stem cells, germ cell-derived pluripotent stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, human umbilical cord blood-derived stem cells, breast tumor stem cells,and hematopoietic stem cells. Because of the potential of human embryonic stem cells to produce unlimited quantities of any human cell type, considerable focus is placed on their therapeutic potential. Because of their pluripotency, these cells have been used in various applications such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, pharmacological and toxicological studies, and fundamental studies of cell differentiation. The formation of embryoid bodies, which are three-dimensional aggregates of embryonic stem cells, is explained as this is the first step in cell differentiation. Such embryoid body culture has been widely used as a trigger for the in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells. The basic capacity of self-renewal of human embryogenic stem cells is explained. The role of TGF-beta in the propagation of human embryonic stem cells is discussed. The differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into neurons, hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, and retinal cells is fully explained. Donor policies for hematopoietic stem cells are also explained.

7. The seventh in Springer’s landmark series of edited volumes on one of the highest-profile subjects in contemporary medicine and scientific endeavour, this volume sets out to cover a staggering range of research into the medical applications of stem cell research. While stem cells are the very stuff of life for multicellular organisms, including us humans, the cancer stem cell is a morbid entity with a robust resistance to therapies including conventional chemotherapy. This authoritative publication explains the regenerative potential of stem cells and their mesenchymal progeny, reviewing clinical applications of the latter in the treatment of cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative pathologies. It covers the entire range of stem cells with known potential for therapeutic use, from human embryonic to germ cell-derived pluripotent stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells. The chapters also deal with the role of TGF-beta in propagating human embryonic stem cells, and in facilitating their differentiation. Featuring discussions of molecular signaling pathways that modulate mesenchymal stem cell self-renewal and much more, this book is certain to have broad appeal among academicians and physicians alike.

8. It is my hope that subsequent volumes of the series will join this volume in assisting in the more complete understanding of the causes, diagnosis, and cell-based treatment of major human diseases and debilitating tissue/organ injuries. There exists a tremendous, urgent demand by the public and the scientific community to address to cancer diagnosis, treatment, cure, and hopefully prevention. Stem Cells are nature’s indispensable gift to multicellular organisms, including humans. The contents of the volume are divided into six subheadings: Stem Cell Culture, Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Reprogramming and Differentiation of Stem Cells, Treatment, and Transplantation for the convenience of the readers.

9. This fresh addition to the rapidly expanding Springer series on stem cells represents an additional forward step in our understanding of the causes, diagnosis, and cell-related therapies of major human diseases as well as debilitating injuries to human tissue and organs. Showcasing the work of more than 80 contributors from 13 nations, it offers an unrivalled breadth of differing perspectives on the subject, with dedicated sections covering umbilical cord, induced pluripotent, embryonic, and hematopoietic stem cells, in addition to stem cells in tumors and cancer, and the applications of stem cells in regenerative medicine.
Enhanced by numerous color illustrations and tables that provide graphic clarification and summaries of key results, the volume succeeds in bringing together research results from oncologists, neurosurgeons, physicians, research scientists, and pathologists, whose accumulated wealth of practical experience will inform and inspire further developments in the vital and urgent work of cancer diagnosis, cure, and prevention.

10. The contents of the volume are organized into five sections. Mesenchymal Stem Cells section includes chapters on the use of stem cells in bone regeneration, studies and trials of stem cells in autoimmune diseases, and differences between adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells as regulators of immune response. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells section offers chapters on drug discovery using human IPSC-based disease models, and on generation of antigen-specific lymphocytes from IPSCs. Neural Cells and Neural Stem Cells section discusses use of bacterial artificial chromosomes in the genetic identification of stem cell-derived neural cell types, and use of moderate low temperature to preserve the stemness of neural stem cells. The section, Role of Stem Cells in Disease, discusses stem cell support in high-dose chemotherapy of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas; potential targets for drug resistant leukemic stem cells, bone marrow stem cell therapies for diabetes mellitus. This section also discusses the use of stem cells in treating thyroid, breast and bone cancers, hempophilia and Parkinson’s Disease. The section, Stem Cell Transplantation, includes chapters on reducing fungal infection in allogenic stem cell transplantation patients, use of Bulsufan/Fludarabine for conditioning in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and interleukin-7 receptor alpha polymorphisms in allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

11. Volume 11 in this series discusses therapeutic applications of stem cells in disease and tissue injury. Coverage includes pluripotent stem cells, which can give rise to the endodermal, ectodermal, and mesodermal lineages; multipotent stem cells, which can generate all cells in a particular lineage and unipotent stem cells, which can give rise to only one cell type. This volume also examines cancer stem cells, tumor-initiating cells which possesses the capacity of self-renewal and can give rise to the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor. Coverage extends to molecular mechanisms underlying the derivation and expansion of human embryonic stem cells, the role of specific proteins in the maintenance and inhibition of extraembryonic differentiation of these cells and the role of signaling responsible for the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells. Nine chapters discuss the clinical importance of cancer stem cells, encompassing glioma, leukemia, ovarian cancer, pediatric sarcomas and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The role of cancer stem cells is also elucidated in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in spreading head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The book goes on to survey therapeutic application of stem cells of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin for regeneration of bones, including in osteoporotic bone disease; to illuminate the application of hematopoietic stem cells in bone regeneration and to discuss their use as a biomarker to facilitate determination of a treatment. The contributors review cells as biomarkers for pediatric solid tumors, and weigh the advantages and limitations of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Also included are details of neural stem cell engraftment in the injured spinal cord; the regenerative potential of neural stem/progenitor cells of newborns and cancer gene therapy potential using neural stem cells. Like the preceding volumes in the series, this book is distinguished for its comprehensive approach, its distinguished roster of 58 contributors representing 10 different countries and its thorough review of leading-edge technology and methods.

12. The book is organized in five parts: Cancer Stem Cells, Pluripotent Stem Cells, Dendritic Stem Cells, Regenerative Medicine and General Applications. The first section includes chapters on histamine in the neural and cancer stem cell niches and emerging concepts of stem cell organization in the normal lung and in lung cancer. The section on Pluripotent Stem Cells includes discussion of the differentiation of dendritic cells from human induced pluripotent stem cell and the molecular mechanisms involved in reprogramming human somatic cells to generate induced pluripotent stem cells. Additional chapters cover the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into functional cardiomyocytes, characteristics of satellite cells and multipotent adult stem cells in the skeletal muscle. The section on Dendritic Stem Cells explores the critical role of notch signaling in the differentiation and function of dendrite. Other chapters cover hypertensive emergencies in children after stem cell transplantation and overcoming the radio resistance of lung cancer stem cells. The section on Regenerative Medicine reports on experiments on improved renal revascularization in pigs using stem cells and phenotypic correction of murine Hemophilia A using cell-based therapy. The concluding section, General Applications, discusses such topics as methods in mathematical modeling for stem cells, as well as molecular and functional characterization of human adipocytes.
Like its eleven predecessors in the series, this volume stands out for its comprehensive approach, its roster of some 51 expert contributors representing a dozen different countries and its up-to-date review of leading-edge technology and methods.

13. This book presents many relevant topics including the different sources of cancer stem cells: the features, roles and clinical potential of stem cells emerge from engaging with this comprehensive work. Chapters explore molecular mechanisms underlying human somatic cell reprogramming to generate induced pluripotent stem cells and provide expert discussion of the advantages and limitations of applications of some of the stem cell types (pluripotent stem cells, neural stem cells). Many advances are explored, including the importance of stem cell markers in diagnosis, the role of stem cells in angiogenesis and a method for isolating multi potent endothelial-like cells from human adipose tissue, to name a few. Readers will also find a consideration of mathematical models and other quantitative tools which could facilitate research and discovery in the field. The editor’s preface to the book and the series is particularly helpful in introducing the work presented in this volume. The detailed overviews, practical experience and insights of international expert authors presented in this handbook will be of value to both professional practitioners and scholars in basic research.