Lisa Ahmann – Dental Hygiene. Theory and Practice (2009)

Автор: Lisa Ahmann
Название книги: Dental Hygiene. Theory and Practice (2009)
Формат: PDF
Жанр: Медицина
Страницы: 1294
Качество: Изначально компьютерное, E-book

EVIDENCE-BASED KNOWLEDGE—
THE FOUNDATION OF DENTAL HYGIENE
Dental Hygiene: Theory and Practice, Third Edition, is for students
and professionals who are interested in the use of
evidence-
based knowledge to guide decision making in practice.
Societal values and healthcare reforms forecast the need
for dental hygienists who can assess situations, access information,
make evidence-based decisions, and collaborate with
dentists and other health professionals in providing quality,
culturally appropriate healthcare. Research evidence provides
a framework for making decisions, solving problems,
explaining phenomena, and predicting outcomes that enables
the practitioner to continually re-evaluate and advance
service
to society.
This book prepares dental hygienists to view their profession
with pride, understand its scope, and influence its advancement.
The book uses the process of care guided by a
client’s human needs to operationalize the roles of the dental
hygienist as practitioner, client advocate, manager, researcher,
and health promoter.
Dental Hygiene: Theory and Practice, Third Edition, is predicated
on four key assumptions:
• Oral health and systemic health are inextricably linked;
therefore collaboration with other healthcare professions
is essential for quality client care.
• Theory, research, and client needs and values serve as
the basis for decision making.
• Dental hygienists are responsible and accountable for
the services they provide and for the professional judgments
and decisions they render.
• Accountability requires a systematic approach to practice,
and this approach is the dental hygiene process.
Given these assumptions, society has a right to access care
from individuals who are competent in making dental hygiene
assessments, diagnoses, and care plans; providing interventions;
and evaluating clinical outcomes.
Human Needs Theory
Human needs theory serves as a unifying theme in this book.
Dental hygiene promotes oral and systemic health through
the fulfillment of human needs related to dental hygiene care.
Human needs are universal, transcend all cultures, and are
applicable to both individuals and groups. Human need fulfillment
contributes to the quality of life of the individual,
community, nation, and world. These facts were recognized
by the World Health Organization when, in 1984, it redefined
health as “the extent to which an individual or group is able,
on the one hand, to realize aspirations and satisfy needs and,
on the other hand, to change and cope with the environment.”
Because dental hygiene care assists individuals in their
attainment of human needs, it is an essential component of
the healthcare system, it enhances quality of life, and it is
valued in today’s wellness-oriented society.
Terminology
An effort was made to use the most current terms (e.g., terms
from the American Academy of Periodontology Classification
of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Dental
Association insurance codes and definitions, diabetes
mellitus type 1 and type 2, oral biofilm). Progressing through
the book, the reader may quickly notice that the term client
is used more frequently than patient. We are sensitive to the
responses that the term client may evoke. In general, however,
we deliberately use the term client because it is broader
in scope than the term patient, and it can refer to a group
as well as an individual. In addition, given that the focus of
dental hygiene is to prevent oral disease and promote wellness,
the term client recognizes that not all of those for whom
we provide care are in need of “treatment” for a disease.
Also, the term client acknowledges the autonomy of the recipient
of care, because individuals who seek dental hygiene
care generally choose to do so in partnership with the dental
hygienist.
Textbook Format
Dental Hygiene: Theory and Practice, Third Edition, is organized
into eight sections:
• Section I: Conceptual Foundations (5 chapters)
• Section II: Preparation for the Client Appointment (4
chapters)
• Section III: Assessments (9 chapters)
• Section IV: Dental Hygiene Diagnosis, Care Plan, and
Evaluation (2 chapters)
• Section V: Implementation (16 chapters)
• Section VI: Pain and Anxiety Control (4 chapters)
• Section VII: Individuals with Special Needs (19 chapters)
• Section VIII: Practice Management (3 chapters)
In terms of format, chapters include:
• Competencies to guide the teacher and the learner.
• Evidence-based explanations of the subject.
• Procedures with detailed steps and color illustrations to
ensure that the learner attains clinical competence.
• Client Education Tips to remind the learner that there is
more than just flossing and toothbrushing in educating
a person about his or her oral and systemic health.
• Legal, Ethical, and Safety Issues that highlight areas in
need of management to protect the health and welfare of
both client and practitioner.
• Key Concepts that summarize the main points of the
chapter at a glance.
• Critical Thinking Exercises and Scenarios that provide
opportunities for independent thought, problem
solving,
reflection, and discussion.
Recognizing that this book may be used throughout North
America, we have included, where appropriate, information
that reflects the practice of dental hygiene in Canada
Section I: Conceptual Foundations describes the evolving
profession of dental hygiene, introduces human needs theory
and the process of dental hygiene care, and provides the
behavioral science and communication theory used by successful
dental hygienists in human interactions. The dental
hygiene process provides the framework for delivering quality
care to all types of clients in a variety of settings and serves
as the core of professional practice. Given dental hygiene’s
focus on oral disease prevention and health promotion, an entire
chapter is devoted to health and wellness. Moreover, because
we live in a global society and culture influences health,
disease, behavior, beliefs, and lifestyle, a chapter on cultural
competence is included in this section.
Section II: Preparation for the Client Appointment describes
the dental hygiene care environment, guidelines for infection
control, and strategies for adapting to guidelines as they
change. One chapter is devoted to the management of medical
emergencies and another to the application of ergonomic principles
to prevent occupational disabilities in practitioners.
Section III: Assessments includes chapters that delineate the
competencies of the dental hygienist in assessment of a client’s
general, dental, and periodontal health and risk status.
Section IV: Dental Hygiene Diagnosis, Care Plan, and Evaluation
explains the dental hygiene diagnosis and how a dental
hygiene diagnosis is made. This section also details the value
of including client goals in the care plan and demonstrates
how evaluation is used to document outcomes of care. With
evaluation, the dental hygienist is accountable for care provided
and can be confident that interventions made a positive
difference in the individual’s systemic and oral health status.
Section V: Implementation presents numerous evidencebased
interventions that comprise dental hygiene care. Specific
clinical procedures, in table format, facilitate competency
development in a variety of services within the context of total
body health, including personal oral care, instrumentation
and root morphology, stain management, nonsurgical periodontal
therapy, periodontal chemotherapy, oral disease risk
assessment and management, tobacco cessation, supportive
diagnostic aids, and restorative therapy.
Section VI: Pain and Anxiety Control covers both the behavioral
and pharmacologic management of the client via
anxiety-reducing protocols and administration of desensitizing
agents, intraoral local anesthetic agents, and nitrous
oxide–oxygen analgesia. Pain and anxiety control is essential
for quality dental hygiene care.
Section VII: Individuals with Special Needs recognizes that
dental hygienists care for a growing number of individuals
with diseases or disabilities that affect their daily living, selfcare,
and ability to access healthcare. Special needs clients
that dental hygienists are likely to treat have been included to
facilitate quality and access to care for all individuals.
Section VIII: Practice Management provides the capstone
for the dental hygienist who is interested in developing competencies
in leadership, practice management, and legal and
ethical decision making.
Glossary
At the end of the book, a comprehensive glossary defines
terms efficiently for the busy reader and reflects contemporary
usage of key words as found in current literature
Step-by-step clinical procedures with rationales make this
a perfect chairside reference. Students will learn how to
communicate effectively with clients, handle safety issues,
and achieve clinical competence in general and specialty
areas of dental hygiene. Included in the manual are the
Standards for Clinical Dental Hygiene Practice; the American
Dental Hygienists’ Association Code of Ethics for Dental
Hygiene; all the procedures from the textbook, including rationales;
client education handouts; and assessment, evaluation,
and client care resources.