D. Kondepudi – Modern Thermodynamics (2015)

Автор: D. Kondepudi
Название книги: Modern Thermodynamics
Формат: PDF
Жанр: Энергетика
Страницы: 552
Качество: Изначально компьютерное, E-book

Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Second Edition presents a comprehensive introduction to 20th century thermodynamics that can be applied to both equilibrium and non-equilibrium systems, unifying what was traditionally divided into ‘thermodynamics’ and ‘kinetics’ into one theory of irreversible processes.
This comprehensive text, suitable for introductory as well as advanced courses on thermodynamics, has been widely used by chemists, physicists, engineers and geologists. Fully revised and expanded, this new edition includes the following updates and features:
Includes a completely new chapter on Principles of Statistical Thermodynamics.
Presents new material on solar and wind energy flows and energy flows of interest to engineering.
Covers new material on self-organization in non-equilibrium systems and the thermodynamics of small systems.
Highlights a wide range of applications relevant to students across physical sciences and engineering courses.
Introduces students to computational methods using updated Mathematica codes.
Includes problem sets to help the reader understand and apply the principles introduced throughout the text.
Solutions to exercises and supplementary lecture material provided online at http://sites.google.com/site/modernthermodynamics/.
Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Second Edition is an essential resource for undergraduate and graduate students taking a course in thermodynamics.
Table of Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition: Why Thermodynamics?
Acknowledgments
Notes for Instructors
List of Variables
I Historical Roots: From Heat Engines To Cosmology
Basic Concepts and the Laws of Gases
Introduction
Thermodynamic Systems
Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Systems
Biological and Other Open Systems
Temperature, Heat and Quantitative Laws of Gases
States of Matter and the van der Waals Equation
An Introduction to the Kinetic Theory of Gases
Appendix 1.1 Partial Derivatives
Appendix 1.2 Elementary Concepts in Probability Theory
Appendix 1.3 Mathematica Codes
References
Examples
Exercises
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The Idea of Energy Conservation Amidst New Discoveries
The Nature of Heat
The First Law of Thermodynamics: The Conservation of Energy
Elementary Applications of the First Law
Thermochemistry: Conservation of Energy in Chemical Reactions
Extent of Reaction: A State Variable for Chemical Systems
Conservation of Energy in Nuclear Reactions and Some General Remarks
Energy Flows and Organized States
Appendix 2.1 Mathematica Codes
Appendix 2.2 Energy Flow in the USA for the Year
References
Examples
Exercises
The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Arrow of Time
The Birth of the Second Law
The Absolute Scale of Temperature
The Second Law and the Concept of Entropy
Modern Formulation of the Second Law
Examples of Entropy Changes due to Irreversible Processes
Entropy Changes Associated with Phase Transformations
Entropy of an Ideal Gas
Remarks about the Second Law and Irreversible Processes
Appendix 3.1 The Hurricane as a Heat Engine
Appendix 3.2 Entropy Production in Continuous Systems
References
Examples
Exercises
Entropy in the Realm of Chemical Reactions
Chemical Potential and Affinity: The Thermodynamic Force for Chemical Reactions
General Properties of Affinity
Entropy Production Due to Diffusion
General Properties of Entropy
Appendix 4.1 Thermodynamics Description of Diffusion
References
Example
Exercises
Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Extremum Principles and General Thermodynamic Relations
Extremum Principles in Nature
Extremum Principles Associated with the Second Law
General Thermodynamic Relations
Gibbs Energy of Formation and Chemical Potential
Maxwell Relations
Extensivity with Respect to N and Partial Molar Quantities
Surface Tension
References
Examples
Exercises
Basic Thermodynamics of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Introduction
Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases
Thermodynamics of Real Gases
Thermodynamics Quantities for Pure Liquids and Solids
Reference
Examples
Exercises
Thermodynamics of Phase Change
Introduction
Phase Equilibrium and Phase Diagrams
The Gibbs Phase Rule and Duhem’s Theorem
Binary and Ternary Systems
Maxwell’s Construction and the Lever Rule
Phase Transitions
References
Examples
Exercises
Thermodynamics of Solutions
Ideal and Nonideal Solutions
Colligative Properties
Solubility Equilibrium
Thermodynamic Mixing and Excess Functions
Azeotropy
References
Examples
Exercises
Thermodynamics of Chemical Transformations
Transformations of Matter
Chemical Reaction Rates
Chemical Equilibrium and the Law of Mass Action
The Principle of Detailed Balance
Entropy Production due to Chemical Reactions
Elementary Theory of Chemical Reaction Rates
Coupled Reactions and Flow Reactors
Appendix 9.1 Mathematica Codes
References
Examples
Exercises
Fields and Internal Degrees of Freedom
The Many Faces of Chemical Potential
Chemical Potential in a Field
Membranes and Electrochemical Cells
sothermal Diffusion
Chemical Potential for an Internal Degree of Freedom
References
Examples
Exercises
Thermodynamics of Radiation
Introduction
Energy Density and Intensity of Thermal Radiation
The Equation of State
Entropy and Adiabatic Processes
Wien’s Theorem
Chemical Potential of Thermal Radiation
Matter–Antimatter in Equilibrium with Thermal Radiation: The State of Zero Chemical Potential
Chemical Potential of Radiation not in Thermal Equilibrium with Matter
Entropy of Nonequilibrium Radiation
References
Example
Exercises
Fluctuations And Stability
The Gibbs Stability Theory
Classical Stability Theory
Thermal Stability
Mechanical Stability
Stability and Fluctuations in Nk
References
Exercises
Critical Phenomena and Configurational Heat Capacity
Introduction
Stability and Critical Phenomena
Stability and Critical Phenomena in Binary Solutions
Configurational Heat Capacity
Further Reading
Exercises
Entropy Production, Fluctuations and Small Systems
Stability and Entropy Production
Thermodynamic Theory of Fluctuations
Small Systems
Size-Dependent Properties
Nucleation
References
Example
Exercises
Linear Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: The Foundations
Local Equilibrium
Local Entropy Production
Balance Equation for Concentration
Energy Conservation in Open Systems
The Entropy Balance Equation
Appendix 15.1 Entropy Production
References
Exercises
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: The Linear Regime
Linear Phenomenological Laws
Onsager Reciprocal Relations and the Symmetry Principle
Thermoelectric Phenomena
Diffusion
Chemical Reactions
Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Solids
Electrokinetic Phenomena and the Saxen Relations
Thermal Diffusion
References
Further Reading
Exercises
Nonequilibrium Stationary States and Their Stability: Linear Regime
Stationary States under Nonequilibrium Conditions
The Theorem of Minimum Entropy Production
Time Variation of Entropy Production and the Stability of Stationary States
References
Exercises
Order Through Fluctuations
Nonlinear Thermodynamics
Far-from-Equilibrium Systems
General Properties of Entropy Production
Stability of Nonequilibrium Stationary States
Linear Stability Analysis
Appendix 18.1 A General Property of dFP/dt
Appendix 18.2 General Expression for the Time Derivative of
References
Exercises
Dissipative Structures
The Constructive Role of Irreversible Processes
Loss of Stability, Bifurcation and Symmetry Breaking
Chiral Symmetry Breaking and Life
Chemical Oscillations
Turing Structures and Propagating Waves
Dissipative Structures and Machines
Structural Instability and Biochemical Evolution
Appendix 19.1 Mathematica Codes
References
Further Reading
Exercises
Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics
Introduction
Fundamentals and Overview
tion Function Factorization
The Boltzmann Probability Distribution and Average Values
Microstates, Entropy and the Canonical Ensemble
Canonical Partition Function and Thermodynamic Quantities
Calculating Partition Functions
Equilibrium Constants
Heat Capacities of Solids
Planck’s Distribution Law for Thermal Radiation
Appendix 20.1 Approximations and Integrals
Reference
Example
Exercises
Self-Organization and Dissipative Structures in Nature
Dissipative Structures in Diverse Disciplines
Towards a Thermodynamic Theory of Organisms
References
Epilogue
Physical Constants and Data
Standard Thermodynamic Properties
Energy Units and Conversions
Answers to Exercises
Author Index
Subject Index