G. Was – Fundamentals of Radiation Materials Science (2017)

Автор: G. Was
Название книги: Fundamentals of Radiation Materials Science
Формат: PDF
Жанр: Энергетика
Страницы: 1014
Качество: Изначально компьютерное, E-book

The purpose of this text is to provide a foundation for understanding the theory and
mechanisms behind the effects of irradiation on metals and alloys. The subject is
divided into three parts, each of which is subdivided into individual chapters that
together provide a unified picture of how radiation interacts with and alters the
structure and properties of metallic materials. Part I consists of five chapters that
together, focus on the radiation damage process and provide the formalism for the
prediction of the amount and spatial configuration of the damage produced by
bombarding particles. Chapter 1 treats the interactions between particles that result
in the transfer of energy from the incident particle to the target atoms. Chapter 2
focuses on determination of the number of displacements produced by the bombarding
particles, and Chap. 3 describes the spatial configurations of the resulting
defects. Chapter 4 provides background on the equilibrium concentration of point
defects and their diffusion. Chapter 5 treats diffusion and reactions between point
defects under irradiation that are fundamental to all of the observable effects.
While radiation damage describes the state of the irradiated material, radiation
effects are concerned with defect behaviour in the solid after formation. Part II
(Chaps. 6–11) covers the physical effects of irradiation on metals. Chapter 6
describes radiation-induced segregation, which is a direct consequence of
radiation-enhanced diffusion. Chapters 7 and 8 address the nucleation and growth
of dislocation loops and voids, the defect aggregates that determine much of the
behavior of irradiated alloys. Chapter 9 covers the stability of phases under irradiation
and irradiation-induced precipitation and precipitate dissolution. Chapter 10
extends the effects of irradiation to the unique processes resulting from ion irradiation
such as composition changes, sputtering, and exfoliation. Finally, Chap. 11
describes the use of ion irradiation to emulate the effects of neutron irradiation in
reactor components.
Mechanical and environmental effects of radiation damage (Part III) are distinguished
from physical effects by the application of stress and a corrosive environment.
Hardening and deformation of alloys under irradiation are discussed in Chap. 12. Creep deformation and growth are treated in Chap. 13, and the effect of
irradiation on crack nucleation and propagation resulting either from static or
fatigue loading is discussed in Chap. 14. Irradiation also has a profound effect on
corrosion and stress corrosion cracking as these degradation modes often constitute
the limiting processes for many reactor designs. Chapter 15 includes the basics of
corrosion and stress corrosion cracking that are required for understanding the
combined effects of irradiation, corrosion, and stress discussed in Chap. 16.
The chapters contain examples and illustrations of radiation effects and sample
calculations to quantify and describe the observations. Problems at the end of each
chapter are designed to reinforce the main concepts of each chapter and to challenge
the reader on his or her comprehension of the topics covered within. Taken together,
the chapter text, examples, illustrations, and end-of-chapter problems provide
a comprehensive treatment of the effects of irradiation on metals and alloys.
The subject matter in this text will likely require two academic terms to complete.
Many of the topics rely on a basic knowledge of disciplines that constitute the
underlying basis for irradiation effects: thermodynamics and kinetics of solids,
crystal structure, defects and dislocations, physical metallurgy, elasticity and
plasticity, deformation and fracture and corrosion and stress corrosion cracking.
The text either presents the requisite background for each of these topics, or provides
references of other sources where good treatments can be found.
This book should also be useful to researchers who would like to learn more
about the subject, or who would like a more complete and integrated treatment
of the topics than can be found in individual papers on the subject. While the
chapters are integrated with one another and each chapter builds upon the sum
of the previous chapters, it is possible to read selected chapters for just that topic.
As a final comment, the author would like to note that this book was written by
sorting, organizing, and condensing information from several texts and numerous
journal and conference papers to arrive at a comprehensive description of the
processes constituting radiation materials science. A conscientious effort was made
to acknowledge and give credit to the original sources of the ideas, theories,
mathematical developments, and drawings contained herein. For occasional oversights
that may have occurred during the condensation process, the author offers his
apologies. He is indebted to the many authors and publishers who provided material
and illustrations for this text.
Finally, the author wishes to acknowledge the many colleagues, students, and
friends who aided and advised him in this work. In particular, special thanks go to
Jeremy Busby, Todd Allen, Michael Atzmon, Roger Stoller, Yuri Osetsky, Ian
Robertson, and Brian Wirth, for their substantive contributions to the content, to
Elaine West, Brian Wagner, Sean Lemecha, Gerrit Vancoevering, and Bryan Eyers
for their work on the illustrations, to Gerrit Vancoevering for completing and
compiling the end of chapter problem solutions, to Cherilyn Davis and Ovidiu Toader for their help in manuscript and movie preparation, to Lynn Rehn, Don
Olander, Arthur Motta, Michael Nastasi, Steve Zinkle, K. Linga Murty, Lou
Mansur, and Peter Andresen for their chapter reviews, and to John King and Arden
Bement for providing the inspiration to the author to pursue this field of study many
years ago.