C. Giacovazzo – Phasing in Crystallography (2014)

Автор: C. Giacovazzo
Название книги: Phasing in Crystallography
Формат: PDF
Жанр: Минералогия и кристаллография
Страницы: 433
Качество: Изначально компьютерное, E-book

Modern crystallographic methods originate from the synergy of two main research streams, the small-molecule and the macro-molecular streams. The first stream was able to definitively solve the phase problem for molecules up to 200 atoms in the asymmetric unit. The achievements obtained by the macromolecular stream are also impressive. A huge number of protein structures have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank. The solution of them is no longer reserved to an elite group of scientists, but may be attained in a large number of laboratories around the world, even by young scientists.
New probabilistic approaches have been tailored to deal with larger structures, errors in the experimental data, and modest data resolution. Traditional phasing techniques like ab initio, molecular replacement, isomorphous replacement, and anomalous dispersion techniques have been revisited. The new approaches have been implemented in robust phasing programs, which have been organized in automatic pipelines usable even by non-experts. Protein structures, which 50 years ago could take months or even years to solve, can now be solved in a matter of hours, partly also due to technological advances in computer science.
This book describes all modern crystallographic phasing methods, and introduces a new rational classification of them. A didactic approach is used, with the techniques described simply and logically in the main text, and further mathematical details confined to the Appendices for motivated readers. Numerous figures and applicative details illustrate the text.
Fundamentals of crystallography
Wilson statistics
The origin problem, invariants, and seminvariants
The method of joint probability distribution functions, neighbourhoods, and representations
The probabilistic estimation of triplet and quartet invariants
Traditional direct phasing procedures
Joint probability distribution functions when a model is available: Fourier syntheses
Phase improvement and extension
Charge flipping and VLD (vive la difference)
Patterson methods and direct space properties
Phasing via electron and neutron diffraction data
Phasing methods for powder data
Molecular replacement
Isomorphous replacement techniques
Anomalous dispersion techniques