M. Aliofkhazraei – Handbook of Nanoparticles (2015)

Автор: M. Aliofkhazraei
Название книги: Handbook of Nanoparticles
Формат: PDF
Жанр: Химия
Страницы: 1440
Качество: Изначально компьютерное, E-book

This Handbook covers all aspects of Nanoparticles, from their preparation to their practical application. The chapters present different ways to synthesize nanometer particles, as well as their functionalization and other surface treatments to allow them to a practical use. Several industrial applications of such nanometer particles are also covered in this Handbook. It is a complete reference for those working with Nanotechnology at the lab level, from students to professionals.

Most of the physical properties of materials are changed by changing the scale of
the particles from micrometer to nanometer. One of the reasons for these changes is
increasing the surface-to-volume ratio, and another one is changing the size of the
moving object inside the territories in which quantum effects are ruling. In fact, the
ratio of internal surface atoms increases, and the properties of the surface atoms rule
over the internal atoms’ behavior. These changes affect the properties and interaction
of the particles. Increasing the surface is an important factor in the proficiency
of the catalysts. Also increasing the surface (shell surface) of the nanoparticles can
enormously affect the interactions of the materials such as nanocomposites and can
change the chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties of such materials.
Considering the bigger size of nanoparticles in comparison to the wavelength of
the visible light, they can be used in packaging applications, makeup techniques,
adornment, and color coatings. According to the quantum effects or increasing the
surface atoms, some of the properties of the nanoparticles may not be easily
predictable. For example, it has been lately shown that the structures of the silicon
nanoparticles are nanospherical with 40–100 nm diameter. These nanoparticles are
not only harder than silicon but also as hard as diamond.
Nanoparticles have been used for many years, but probably they were first used
in glass utensils of the ancient Chinese dynasty. There is a fourth-century Roman
cup named as “Lycurgus Cup” held in the British Museum with the relief sculpture
of King Lycurgus. The cup structure is mainly made of silicon dioxide and a sodium
oxide and calcium coating with few gold nanoparticles. The presence of gold
nanoparticles results in changing the color of the cup. When light radiates inside
the cup, it turns green, and when light radiates outside the cup, it turns red. The
main origin of this phenomenon was unknown in those times. Lately, a vast variety
of nanoparticles have been fabricated using different types of materials. The most
important and common type of these nanoparticles are ceramics. One of the most
important parts of these ceramic nanoparticles is metal oxides such as titanium
oxides, iron oxides, aluminum oxides, etc. As it is clear, the nanoparticles should be
smaller than 100 nm. A lot of novel applications have emerged for the particles in
this range of size. Using nanoparticles in metallic ceramics and metal oxides
increases their hardness in comparison to their prior state in all sizes. Reduction in the size of the particles changes the reactivity and the electronic, physical,
chemical, magnetic, and optical properties of these materials.
The speed of progress in research around nanoparticles increased during recent
years. As a result, this handbook aims to gather different aspects of nanoparticles,
especially around their synthesis and surface modification, besides their advances.
I would like to appreciate all contributors of this handbook and thank them for
their hard work, patience during the preparation of this handbook, and also their
high-quality chapters. We hope the publishing of this handbook will help all
researchers to benefit from this collection.