M. Gaft – Modern Luminescence Spectroscopy of Minerals and Materials

Автор: M. Gaft
Название книги: Modern Luminescence Spectroscopy of Minerals and Materials (2nd edition)
Формат: PDF
Жанр: Химия
Страницы: 620
Качество: Изначально компьютерное, E-book

The book is devoted to three types of laser-based spectroscopy of minerals, namely Laser-Induced Time-Resolved Luminescence, Laser-Induced Breakdown spectroscopy and Gated Raman Spectroscopy. This new edition presents the main new data, which have been received after the publication of the first edition ten years ago both by the authors and by other researchers. During this time, only the authors published more than 50 original papers devoted to laser-based spectroscopy of minerals. A lot of new data have been accumulated, both in fundamental and applied aspects, which are presented in new edition

In the broad sense the subject of our book belongs to the Physics of Minerals field,
namely, to its spectroscopic part. The main features of our experimental technique
are laser excitation of minerals and time-resolved detection of resulting emission
and scattering. Laser sources allow study simultaneously as events of linear optics,
such as luminescence and breakdown spectroscopies, and non-linear ones, such as
Raman spectroscopy and Second Harmonic Generation. Time-resolved technique,
namely, signal detection only during certain time gate after certain delay following
the end of the laser pulse, results in drastically improved spectroscopic sensitivity
and selectivity. It enables to collect new data, which contribute greatly to our
fundamental knowledge of minerals and materials and may be practically used.
The Book is arranged as follows.
The Chapter 1 contains the basic definitions of the main scientific terms, such as
spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy, luminescent mineral, luminescent center,
luminescence lifetime, luminescence spectrum and excitation spectrum. The
state of the art in the steady-state luminescence of minerals field is presented. The
main advantages of laser-induced time-resolved technique in comparison with
steady-state one are shortly described.
The Chapter 2 contains description of the main processes involved in luminescence,
such as absorption of the excitation energy, and radiative return to the
ground state. The resulting luminescence is considered based on ligand field theory,
configurational diagrams model, molecular orbitals theory and band scheme
approximation. The main attention is paid to luminescence decay, consisting of
radiation decay, non-radiation decay and special types of decay, such as stepwise
energy transfer, cooperative sensitization and cooperative luminescence.
The Chapter 3 describes our experimental setup with the following main parts:
laser source (Ar, excimer, Nd-YAG, nitrogen, dye, OPO), imaging monochromator,
gated detector (Intensified Charge Coupled Device) and computer with
corresponding software. The main features of the experimental devices are
described, which enable to accomplish time-resolved detection.
The Chapter 4 contains time-resolved luminescence spectra for more than
100 minerals and synthetic analogues. The following information is presented for
each one, comprising literature and original results: short description of the crystal
structure, optically active colour centres and luminescence centres, detected by
steady-state and time-resolved techniques.
The Chapter 5 is devoted to detailed explanation of luminescence centres
interpretation process, which comprises investigation of spectral and kinetic parameters
of excitation and emission at different temperatures from 4.2 to 300 K. In
numerous cases the interpretation is confirmed by study of synthetic mineral
analogues artificially activated by potential impurities, which may serve as emission
centres.
The Chapter 6 describes of laser-induced spectroscopies, which may be used in
combination with laser-induced luminescence, namely, Breakdown, Raman.
The Chapter 7 presents several examples of laser-based spectroscopies’ application
in remote sensing of minerals, rocks and foliage.
The Chapter 8 describes several examples of laser-based spectroscopies’ application
in radiometric sorting and process control in mining industry.
The Chapter 9 shortly describes laser-based spectroscopies’ applications in
gemology, micro-element mapping, waste storage, bio-minerals and LED. It contains
Conclusions, Bibliography and Subject Index.