J. Cejka – Zeolites and Catalysis. Synthesis, Reactions and Applications

Автор: J. Cejka
Название книги: Zeolites and Catalysis
Формат: PDF
Жанр: Химия
Страницы: 912
Качество: Изначально компьютерное, E-book

This indispensable two-volume handbook covers everything on this hot research field. The first part deals with the synthesis, modification, characterization and application of catalytic active zeolites, while the second focuses on such reaction types as cracking, hydrocracking, isomerization, reforming and other industrially important topics.
Edited by a highly experienced and internationally renowned team with chapters written by the “Who's Who” of zeolite research.

One can safely say that the impact of zeolites in science and technology in the last
50 years has no precedents in the field of materials and catalysis. Although the first
description of zeolites dates back up to 250 years ago, the last five decades experienced
an incredible boom in zeolite research activities resulting in the successful
synthesis of almost 200 different structural types of zeolites, numerous excellent
scientific papers on the synthesis of zeolites, characterization of their properties,
and applications of zeolites in adsorption and catalysis that have revolutionized the
petrochemical industry. In addition, based on the knowledge of zeolites several
other areas of porous materials have recently emerged including mesoporous materials,
hierarchic systems, metal-organic frameworks (cationic-periodic polymers)
and mesoporous organosilicas. All these materials have substantially increased the
portfolio of novel porous materials possessing new interesting properties, but this
topic is not covered in this book.
This book consists of two volumes. The first one is mostly concentrated on recent
advances in the synthesis of zeolites and understanding of their properties while
the second volume describes recent achievements in the application of zeolites
mostly in catalysis.
More specifically, the first volume starts with a chapter by P. Cubillas and M.W.
Anderson (Chapter 1) discussing mechanisms of the synthesis of zeolites and
zeotypes, including nucleation and crystal growth, employing various microscopic
techniques. This is followed by a chapter of K. Strohmaier (Chapter 2) providing a
detailed survey on the synthesis of novel zeolites and different layered precursors
incorporating different metal ions into the framework, and applying ever increasing
number of structure-directing agents. A new approach to the synthesis of zeolites
and other porous materials by ionothermal synthesis combining ionic liquids as
the solvent together with the structure-directing agent is presented by R. Morris
(Chapter 3). Zeolite synthesis can also be controlled by a simultaneous use of two
different templates providing new tool for creative chemistry Nas discussed by the
group of J. P´erez-Pariente (Chapter 4). Morphological control of zeolite crystals is
one of the key issues to understand the mechanism of zeolite crystallization as well
as to control the performance of zeolites in various applications as it is outlined by
S.-E. Park and N. Jiang in Chapter 5. Introduction of other elements than silicon
into the zeolite framework can be done not only via synthesis but also in the postsynthesis steps as highlighted for deboronation followed by realumination as
described by C.Y. Chen and S.I. Zones (Chapter 6). P.A. Wright and G.M. Pearce
show how the individual zeolite structures are built from basic secondary building
units. The authors focus not only on general aspects of zeolite structures but also
on the description of structures of zeolites determined very recently (Chapter 7).
Structural and textural characterization of zeolites starts in Chapter 8, written
by E. Stavitski and B.M. Weckhuysen, providing good examples of application
of vibrational spectroscopy under static conditions that can drive into in situ
catalytic investigations. The group of K. de Jong (Chapter 9) makes an effort to
evaluate different physicochemical methods used for textural characterization of
zeolites. Gas physisorption, mercury porosimetry, electron microscopy (including
3D experiments), various NMR techniques up to in situ optical and fluorescence
microscopy are discussed in detail. The location, coordination, and accessibility
of framework aluminum are of key importance for acid-catalyzed reactions in
zeolites and these issues are addressed by J.A. van Bokhoven and N. Danilina
in Chapter 10. Theoretical background of zeolite reactivity employing different
computational approaches and models is covered in Chapter 11 by E.A. Pidko and
R.A. van Santen. S. Calero Diaz presents an overview of current developments in
modeling of transport and accessibility in zeolites showing some recent models and
simulation methods that are applied for systems of environmental and industrial
interests (Chapter 12). The final chapter of the first volume is written by the group
of F. Kapteijn (Chapter 13), in which diffusion in zeolites starting from basic
models of diffusion up to the role of diffusion in adsorption and catalytic processes
is discussed.
The second volume starts with a chapter of the group of J. Coronas concentrating
on special applications of zeolites including green chemistry, hybrid materials,
medicine, veterinary, optical- and electrical-based applications, multifunctional
fabrics, and nanotechnology (Chapter 14). After that K.B. Yoon presents the opportunities
to organize zeolite microcrystals into two- and three-dimensionally
organized structures and the application of these organized entities in membranes,
antibacterial functional fabrics, supramolecularly organized light-harvesting systems,
and nonlinear optical films (Chapter 15).
The remaining chapters are exclusively devoted to the application of zeolites in
catalysis. G. Bellussi opens this part with a broad overview of current industrial
processes using zeolites as key components of the catalysts and further challenges
in this area (Chapter 16). Generation, location, and characterization of catalytically
active sites are discussed in depth by M. Hunger showing different aspects of
shape selectivity and structural effect on the properties of active sites (Chapter 17).
M. Rigutto (Chapter 18) stresses the importance of zeolites and the main reasons
for their application in cracking and hydrocracking, the largest industrial processes
employing zeolites as catalysts. Further, C. Perego and his coworkers focus on
reforming and upgrading of diesel fractions, which with gasoline are by far the most
important and valuable key fractions produced by petroleum refineries (Chapter 19).
Transformation of aromatic compounds forms the heart of petrochemical processes
with zeolites as key components of all catalysts. S. Al-Khattaf, M.A. Ali, and J. ˇ Cejka highlight the most important recent achievements in application of zeolites in
various alkylation, isomerization, disproportionation, and transalkylation reactions
of aromatic hydrocarbons (Chapter 20). With decreasing supply of oil, natural gas
obtains more and more importance. A. Martinez and his coauthors discuss in
some detail different ways of methane upgrading into valuable fuels and chemicals
(Chapter 21). Methanol, which can be obtained from natural gas, could be one
of the strategic raw materials in future. Novel processes transforming methanol
into olefins or gasoline are covered in Chapter 22 by M. St¨ocker. Incorporation of
catalytically active species into zeolite frameworks or channel systems for oxidation
reactions is covered in Chapter 23 by T. Tatsumi. The main attention is devoted
to Ti-silicates. G. Centi and S. Perathoner focus on increasing applicability of
zeolites in environmental catalysis with a particular attention to conversion of
nitrogen oxides (Chapter 24). K.L. Yeung and W. Han describe the emerging field
of application of zeolites in fuel cells for clean energy generation. The authors
show that zeolites can play an important role in hydrogen production, purification,
conditioning, and storage (Chapter 25). The final chapter by the authors from
the group of A. Corma presents possibilities of application of zeolite as catalysts
in the synthesis of fine chemicals. The examples discussed include, for example,
acylation, hydroxyalkylation, acetalization, isomerization, Diels–Alder, and Fischer
glucosidation reactions.
Bringing together these excellent chapters describing the cutting edge of zeolite
research and practice provides an optimistic view for the bright future of zeolites.
The number of new synthesized zeolites is ever increasing and particularly novel
extra-large pore zeolites or even chiral zeolitic materials will surely be applied
in green catalytic processes enabling to transform bulkier substrates into desired
products. In a similar way, application of zeolites in adsorption or separation is
one of the most important applications of this type of materials saving particularly
energy needed for more complex separation processes if zeolites were not available
to do the job. Fast development of experimental techniques enables deeper insight
into the structural and textural properties of zeolites, while particularly spectroscopical
methods provide new exciting information about the accessibility of inner
zeolite volumes and location and coordination of active sites. Catalysis is still the
most promising area for application of zeolites, in which novel zeolitic catalysts
with interesting shape-selective properties can enhance activities and selectivities
not only in traditional areas such as petrochemistry but also in environmental
protection, pollution control, green chemistry, and biomass conversion. Last but
not least, novel approaches in the manipulation and modification of zeolites directed
to fuel cells, light harvesting, membranes, and sensors clearly evidence a
large potential of zeolites in these new areas of application. The only limitation in
zeolite research is the lack of our imagination, which slows down our effort and
attainment of new exciting achievements.
It was our great pleasure working with many friends and excellent researchers
in the preparation of this book. We would like to thank sincerely all of them for
their timely reviews on selected topics and the great effort to put the book together.
We believe that this book on zeolites will be very helpful not only for experienced researchers in this field but also students and newcomers will find it as a useful
reference book