D. Borchert – Encyclopedia of Philosophy (10 Volumes, 2nd edition)

Автор: D. Borchert
Название книги: Encyclopedia of Philosophy (10 Volumes, 2nd edition)
Формат: PDF
Жанр: Философия
Страницы: 872+765+771+878+746+685+775+856+891+676
Качество: Изначально компьютерное, E-book

Since 1967, the Encyclopedia of Philosophy, described by Booklist as the best and most comprehensive English-language reference source for philosophy, has been the cornerstone of the philosophy reference shelf. Lauded for its clear and accessible presentation of wide-ranging philosophical subjects, the Encyclopedia has earned its place as a first-stop resource for general readers, students and educators.

Nearly four decades ago, in 1967, Macmillan
published its eight-volume Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
With Paul Edwards as its exceptionally able editor in
chief, the Encyclopedia became a highly respected, premier
reference work consulted by countless professors
and students as they pursued the examined life. Indeed,
it would be safe to say that most if not all of the scholars
who have contributed to the new Second Edition of the
Encyclopedia leaned on the First Edition for philosophical
insight during their formative years as young academicians.
For them to be able to participate in reshaping a
reference resource that figured importantly in their intellectual
development has been a unique opportunity and
a privilege.
When Macmillan invited me to serve as editor in
chief for the new ten-volume Second Edition, the task
appeared daunting because of its magnitude. But it also
seemed manageable because backing me up was a valuable
learning experience I had as the editor in chief for
Macmillan’s single-volume Supplement, published in
1996, that updated the Encyclopedia. Among the insights
I gained from that experience three were especially
important.
First, it seemed that the Encyclopedia had gained the
respect of academicians because its articles provided
substantive discussions by exceptionally competent
scholars and its coverage embraced a wide range of topics in philosophy broadly construed. That was a winning
formula: substantive articles by talented scholars exploring
the full spectrum of philosophical topics. It would
also guide the Second Edition.
Second, while that winning formula involved indepth
and broad coverage, nevertheless it did not and
could not aspire to exhaustive coverage of all philosophical
topics given the constraints imposed by the limited
print space available.Whether the space available was the
eight volumes of the First Edition or the one volume of
the Supplement or the ten volumes of the Second Edition,
a policy of selectivity had to be pursued with the
unavoidable exclusion of some material that could have
been, and perhaps should have been, included.
Third, to maintain the tradition of excellence established
by the First Edition, an editor in chief needs to be
surrounded by a group of distinguished philosophers
who represent expertise in diverse subfields and who are
willing to commit considerable time and effort to serve
on an editorial board. I was fortunate indeed to have the
support of an editorial team for the Supplement consisting
of K. Danner Clouser, Paul Horwich, Jaegwon Kim,
Joseph J. Kockelmans, Helen E. Longino, Vann McGee,
Louis Pojman, Ernest Sosa, and Michael Tooley. Because
of them, and the highly competent authors they helped
to recruit, the Supplement continued Macmillan’s tradition
of publishing highly regarded reference works
Editorial Board Formation
Upon accepting the role of editor in chief for the Second
Edition, I immediately turned to three of my former editorial
colleagues—Jaegwon Kim, Michael Tooley, and
Ernest Sosa—and invited them to become the core of a
new Board of Associate Editors that would assist me in
planning the new edition. The guidance provided by
these three colleagues has been astute, seasoned, and truly
indispensable from the early planning stages until the day
of publication. With their assistance we were able to
recruit Don Garrett, Barry Loewer, Doug MacLean, and
Susan Wolf to join the Board of Associate Editors. Then
we constituted a Board of Consulting Editors that would
add expertise in specific subfields of philosophy not
already covered by the specializations of the associate editors.
The result was the impressive editorial team of distinguished
philosophers listed below. Their areas of
editorial oversight are noted after their names.
The Board of Associate Editors
Don Garrett—Modern Philosophy
Jaegwon Kim—Philosophy of Mind
Barry Loewer—Philosophy of Science
Doug MacLean—Ethics and Applied Ethics
Ernest Sosa—Epistemology
Michael Tooley—Metaphysics
Susan Wolf—Ethics and Applied Ethics
The Board of Consulting Editors
Louise Antony—Feminist Philosophy
John Burgess—Logic, Philosophy of Logic, Philosophy
of Mathematics
Victor Caston—Ancient Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy
Richard P. Hayes—Buddhist Philosophy
Jeffrey King—Philosophy of Language
Oliver Leaman—Islamic Philosophy, Judaic Philosophy
Vladimir Marchenkov—Russian Philosophy
Thomas Nenon—Continental Philosophy
Karl H. Potter—Indian Philosophy
Philip Quinn—Philosophy of Religion
Jenefer Robinson—Aesthetics, Philosophy of Art
Kwong-loi Shun—Chinese Philosophy
James Sterba—Social and Political Philosophy
Charles Taliaferro—Philosophy of Religion
From the very beginning, our project’s goal was not
to replace the First Edition and the Supplement but to
build the Second Edition on the foundation of their outstanding
scholarly work. Accordingly, the task set before
each editor was to analyze all the entries in the First Edition
and the Supplement that were pertinent to his or her
domain in order to determine which entries should be
retained “as is” in the Second Edition with perhaps only a
bibliographical update, which entries should be retained
but needed an updating addendum, and which entries
should be replaced by entirely new ones. In addition, all
editors were given the opportunity to commission
entirely new entries in their subfields. Each editor also
had the responsibility to review and assess all new material
appearing in his or her subfield. This generic description
of the work of our subfield editors for the Second
Edition masks all too easily the many hours of painstaking
effort devoted to this project by these scholars.
In early autumn of 2004, regrettably, our editorial
colleague Phil Quinn passed away after a brief struggle
with esophageal cancer. Prior to his death, however, Phil
had overseen his domain with an extraordinarily watchful
and skilled eye. He had analyzed in detail every entry
relating to the philosophy of religion in the First Edition
and the Supplement, and sent me copious notes and
recommendations for either improving, retaining, or
replacing those entries.He also made specific recommendations
for new entries to be commissioned and wrote
detailed scope descriptions for those entries.When his illness
forced him to withdraw from his teaching at the University
of Notre Dame, he continued to work on the
Second Edition, which provided concrete purpose for the
day at hand. Phil worked carefully, deliberately, and had
his eye on the prize of excellence. His fine work made it
relatively easy for our colleague Charles Taliaferro to
assume Phil’s responsibilities on the editorial team.
If the Second Edition continues the tradition of
excellence initiated by the First Edition, as I believe it will,
that accomplishment will be due in no small measure to
the exceptionally high quality work provided by our editors
who, like Phil, have given of their time and talent to
enhance the work of philosophy.
Development of the Second
Edition’s Content
Our strategy of building the Second Edition on the foundation
of the First Edition and the Supplement requires a
few additional comments.
Carefully and judiciously our editorial team selected
those entries from the First Edition and the Supplement
that were so well done that they merited retention. To virtually
all of these entries we added bibliographical
updates and to many of them we added substantive
addenda. We prized these entries because, appearing
together with the new entries, they enabled the reader to
view high quality philosophizing over the course of
almost a half century thereby adding a measure of historical
gravitas to our project.
Notwithstanding our respect for the First Edition
and the Supplement, we added 450 entries on new topics,
and nearly 300 completely fresh and newly authored
treatments of important topics that were originally covered
within the First Edition or Supplement. The presence
of all of this new material is a clear indication of the
vigorous and innovative philosophical activity that has
occurred within the discipline since the Encyclopedia
made its debut almost four decades ago. Entirely new
subfields have appeared such as feminist philosophy, the
philosophy of sex and love, and applied ethics. New
important topics in virtually every subfield have been
explored ranging from artificial intelligence to animal
rights. New scholars, whose distinctive contributions to
the discipline needed description in substantive personal
entries, have appeared on the philosophical landscape.
Among such individuals are Karl-Otto Apel,Mohammed
Arkoun,Nancy Cartwright, Daniel Dennett, Fred Dretske,
Ronald Dworkin, John Earman, Hassan Hanafi, Virginia
Held, Julia Kristeva, Jacques Lacan, John McDowell,
Ruth Millikan, Richard Montague, Thomas Nagel, Seyyed
Hossein Nasr, Martha Nussbaum, Derek Parfit, Hilary
Putnam, Peter Singer, Gregory Vlastos, Richard
Wollheim, and many, many more.
We also added updates to 90 articles, with those
updates provided by their original authors. Additionally,
150 scholarly updates to existing articles have been
included by means of “addenda,” with each addendum
compiled by an author other than the original writer, thus
allowing for a fresh perspective that augments discussion
of the topic at hand. Approximately 430 of the almost
1,200 classic First Edition or Supplement articles that
appear in the Second Edition have been strengthened further
by the inclusion of new bibliographic citations. Classic
articles from the First Edition and Supplement are
clearly identifiable via specific dates in the author bylines
that follow each article. Author bylines followed by
“(1967)” indicate that the article originally appeared in
the First Edition, while bylines followed by “(1996)” indicate
first publication within the Supplement. The designation
“(2005)” denotes first publication within the Second
Edition.
We have modified and expanded the philosophical
inclusiveness of the First Edition in several ways. Both the
analytic and continental philosophical traditions are well
represented in the new topics and new personal entries, as
well as in the style of presentation offered by our authors.
In addition, enhanced cultural diversity is evident in the
major space we have provided for topics relating to Buddhist
philosophy, Chinese philosophy, Islamic philosophy,
and Indian philosophy. Because of space limitations
a number of First Edition entries devoted to national
philosophies (such as American, British, and German)
were not retained. The major figures from those countries
and their contributions to philosophy have, however,
been included in the Second Edition via personal and
topical entries. Importantly, we have retained and
expanded the entries on Japanese philosophy, Latin
American philosophy, and Russian philosophy, and have
added entries on African philosophy and Korean philosophy.
To preserve and enhance the detailed record of philosophical
bibliographies, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and
journals contained in the First Edition entries devoted
exclusively to these topics, we moved these articles to the
last volume of the Second Edition and increased substantially
the space that had been allocated to them in the
First Edition. The very large number of new philosophical
bibliographies, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and journals
that have been published in a multitude of languages
during the last half century testifies not only to the vitality
of philosophy but also to the increasing cultural diversity
on its landscape.
A Few Final Points
Several additional features of our editorial practices are
important to note. In retaining entries from the First Edition,
we have studiously avoided changing the text of
those entries in the interest of preserving the philosophical
and authorial integrity of those entries. Some of the
authors, however, of those First Edition entries were
available and wished to revise their entries.We, of course,
welcomed their modifications. On some occasions, without
compromising the integrity of an entry, we made
some minor changes in the retained First Edition entries,
such as inserting the year of death in the biographical
part of a personal entry.
The entries in the Second Edition vary in readability
level.Many entries will be readily accessible to the general
public. Others will require some familiarity with the specialized
vocabulary of philosophers. Still other entries
will presuppose some acquaintance with logic. All the entries, it would be safe to say, require the kind of careful
reading that is customary in the humanities and that
helps to fashion liberally educated persons.
A good number of entries—such as those dealing
with ancient, Buddhist, Chinese, Islamic, Judaic, and
Russian philosophies—use non-English language words
that required transliteration and the use of diacritical
marks. In our transliterations and use of diacritical marks
we have tried to follow the standard practice adopted by
the contemporary leading scholars and the leading journals
in the particular subfield to which the entry belongs.
The bibliographies that accompany the entries are
selective rather than exhaustive. They provide the references
to the works of the scholars cited in the text of an
entry. The bibliographical entries in the tenth volume,
however, which provide a record of philosophical bibliographies,
dictionaries, encyclopedias, and journals, are
much more extensive but are not exhaustive.
Volume 10 fulfills at least three important purposes.
First, it houses the Appendix, which enabled us to include
in the Encyclopedia a number of entries that, for a number
of reasons, did not move through the editorial process
in time to be included in the main alphabetical arrangement
of the entries. For example, a few of our contributors
encountered unexpected delays in completing their
entries because of illness, and a few needed extra time
because of other demanding professional commitments.
Second, it provided a discrete location where the three
lengthy comprehensive bibliographical entries on philosophical
dictionaries and encyclopedias, journals, and
bibliographies could be bundled together so that they
would not distract from the topical and personal entries
listed alphabetically in the main body of the set. Third, it
contains the Index, a critical access tool for the book’s
readers.
Special Acknowledgments
As editor in chief of this large project I owe a debt of gratitude
to many people. I begin with my colleagues at Ohio
University. The members of the Philosophy Department
were a reservoir of philosophical expertise, good will, and
seasoned professional advice. The Philosophy Department’s
Administrative Assistant, Penny Schall, helped to
lighten my tasks, especially with her computer skills.
Michael Farmer, the Head of Monographic Cataloging at
Ohio University’s Alden Library, devoted many painstaking
hours to updating the bibliographies of scores of First
Edition entries being retained in the Second Edition. The
College of Arts and Sciences provided me a professional
leave at a crucial juncture in the project so that I could
work on the Encyclopedia without the standard professorial
demands on my time.
Also, I wish to note with appreciation the role played
by LinDa L. Grams, the Administrative Assistant in the
Philosophy Department at the University of Notre Dame,
who graciously served as a conduit of communication
between Phil Quinn and me during his all too brief service
as the editor overseeing the philosophy of religion.
In addition, there are four groups of people to whom
all of us who use the Second Edition owe an expression of
appreciation. The first group is the staff of Macmillan
Reference and Thomson Gale. Frank Menchaca, Executive
Vice President and Publisher, gave the support and
encouragement of upper management to the Second Edition
to ensure that it would go to press in 2005 and that
it would continue the tradition of excellence that has
been the hallmark of the reference works published by
Macmillan through the years. Hélène Potter, Director of
New Product Development, aided by her associates in the
New York office, initiated the project and ever so adroitly
assisted the editorial team to plan the structure and content
of the new edition, and to operationalize those plans
in each editor’s domain of oversight. The five-person editorial
team at Macmillan in Farmington Hills, Michigan,
has exhibited seemingly untiring energy to bring the
project to press at the targeted time. The core team consisted
of Carol Schwartz, Senior Editor and Project Manager,
who quarterbacked the team; Jane Malonis, Senior
Editor and Project Manager; Brad Morgan, Senior Editor;
Deirdre S. Blanchfield, Editor; and Lynn Koch, Associate
Editor. This editorial team demonstrated the capacity to
multi-task with incredible patience, resilience, diplomacy,
and creativeness under many stressful conditions.
The second group to whom we owe words of gratitude
consists of the hundreds of scholars who have contributed
the multitude of articles that are the substance of
the Second Edition. The extraordinarily fine entries that
constitute the Second Edition were prepared by scholars
with recognized expertise in the topics on which they
have written. That fact should assure the reader that forays
into the new edition of the Encyclopedia will prove to
be always educationally valuable. We are deeply grateful
for the intellectual heft that these distinguished authors
have contributed to the Second Edition.
The third group that merits our appreciation is one
that is almost invisible. I refer to the friends and families
of our contributors who stood by patiently waiting for
our contributors to complete their commitments to our
project. Their patience is appreciated. The important
contribution to learning that will be made by the new Second Edition will ensure that the patience of these
friends and family members will not have been in vain.
The fourth and final group that deserves appreciation
is the team of associate and consulting editors who
served on the Encyclopedia’s board. They are all very busy,
very talented, and very distinguished philosophers. I am
amazed and delighted that they were able to find the time
to do the tasks that Macmillan and I laid on them. I daresay,
however, that they had a special reward accruing from
the many hours they devoted to the project. Each of them
was asked to assess the new entries in their subfields as
those entries were submitted by the authors to Macmillan.
The editors were asked to indicate on a review sheet
if, in their judgment, the entry at hand should be
approved as is, if the entry needed revision, or if the entry
should be rejected. As I reviewed the editors’ assessments,
I marveled at how often editors would characterize the
entries as “superb” or “excellent” or “outstanding,” and I
could almost feel the editor’s delight as those words were
written on the review sheets. Occasionally, I even saw the
words “the finest piece of this length on this topic that has
yet been written.” Those words exuded the joy and intellectual
excitement which are truly the abiding rewards
that the editors, and hopefully all readers, will receive
from this project.
Donald M. Borchert